Model UN Academy
General Assembly
Kodi Model UN ndi chiyani?
Model UN ndi chithunzithunzi cha United Nations. Wophunzira, yemwe amadziwika kuti a nthumwi, amatumizidwa ku dziko kuti akaimire. Mosasamala kanthu za zikhulupiriro kapena zikhulupiriro za wophunzira, iwo amayenera kumamatira ku dziko lawo monga nthumwi ya dzikolo.
A Chitsanzo cha msonkhano wa UN ndi chochitika pamene ophunzira amakhala ngati nthumwi, akugwira ntchito za maiko awo. Msonkhano ndiye chimaliziro cha chochitika chonsecho, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi masukulu apamwamba kapena mayunivesite. Zitsanzo zina zamisonkhano ya Model UN ndi Harvard Model UN, Chicago International Model UN, ndi Saint Ignatius Model UN.
Mkati mwa msonkhano, makomiti amapangidwa. A komiti ndi gulu la nthumwi zomwe zimasonkhana pamodzi kuti akambirane ndi kuthetsa mutu kapena mtundu wa nkhani. Bukuli likukhudza makomiti a General Assembly, omwe amakhala ngati mtundu wa komiti ya Model UN. Oyamba akulimbikitsidwa kuti ayambe ndi Msonkhano Wonse. Zitsanzo zina zodziwika bwino za makomiti a General Assembly ndi bungwe la World Health Organization (likukamba nkhani za umoyo wapadziko lonse) ndi United Nations Children's Fund (limayang'ana pa ufulu wa ana ndi umoyo wabwino).
Monga nthumwi mu komiti, wophunzira adzakambirana momwe dziko lawo likukhalira pamutu, kutsutsana ndi nthumwi zina, kupanga mgwirizano ndi nthumwi zomwe zili ndi malingaliro ofanana, ndi kupanga zisankho pavuto lomwe lakambirana.
Makomiti a General Assembly atha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi osiyanasiyana, ndipo chilichonse chidzafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane pansipa:
1. Kukonzekera
2. Gulu Lotsogola
3. Msonkhano Wosayang'anira
4. Kuwonetsera ndi Kuvota
Kukonzekera
Ndikofunikira kubwera kukonzekera ku Misonkhano ya Model UN. Njira yoyamba yokonzekera msonkhano wa Model UN imakhala ndi kafukufuku. Nthumwi nthawi zambiri zimafufuza mbiri ya dziko lawo, boma, ndondomeko, ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino. Kuonjezela apo, nthumwi zimalimbikitsidwa kuphunzila nkhani zimene zapatsidwa ku komiti yawo. Nthawi zambiri, komiti imakhala ndi mitu iwiri, koma kuchuluka kwa mitu kumatha kusiyana ndi msonkhano.
Chiyambi chabwino cha kafukufuku ndi kalozera wakumbuyo, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi webusayiti ya msonkhano. Malo ena ofufuza ofunika ali pansipa.
Zida Zofufuzira Zazikulu:
■ UN.org
■ The United Nations Digital Library
■ Msonkhano wa United Nations Treaty Collection
Zokhudza Dziko:
■ Mishoni Zamuyaya ku United Nations
■ Mawebusayiti a Akazembe
Nkhani ndi Zochitika Panopa:
■ Reuters
Kafukufuku wa Ndondomeko ndi Maphunziro:
■ Council on Foreign Relations
■ Bungwe la Brookings Institute
Misonkhano yambiri imafuna nthumwi kuti zipereke kafukufuku / kukonzekera kwawo mu mawonekedwe a positi pepala (wotchedwanso a pepala loyera), nkhani yaifupi imene ikufotokoza bwino za udindo wa nthumwi (monga woimira dziko lawo), imasonyeza kafukufuku ndi kumvetsa nkhaniyo, ikupereka njira zothetsera zomwe zikugwirizana ndi maganizo a nthumwiyo, ndipo zimathandiza kutsogolera zokambirana pa msonkhano. Pepala la udindo ndi njira yabwino yowonetsetsa kuti nthumwi yakonzekera komiti ndipo ili ndi chidziwitso chokwanira. Pamutu uliwonse uyenera kulembedwa pepala limodzi.
Nthumwi ikuyenera kubweretsa zida zake zonse pakompyuta pazida zake (monga tabuleti kapena kompyuta), pepala losindikizidwa, zolemba zofufuzira, zolembera, mapepala, zolemba zomata, ndi madzi. Nthumwi zimalangizidwa kuti zisagwiritse ntchito zipangizo zoperekedwa ndi sukulu chifukwa zingabweretse mavuto pogawana zikalata pa intaneti ndi nthumwi zina panthawi ya komiti. Mavalidwe okhazikika a Msonkhano wa Model UN ndi Western Business Attire.
The Moderated Caucus
Msonkhano umayamba ndi kuyimba foni, zomwe zimatsimikizira kupezeka kwa nthumwi ndikutsimikizira ngati chiwerengero zakumana. Chiwerengero ndi chiwerengero cha nthumwi zomwe zimafunika kuti pakhale msonkhano wa komiti. Dzina la dziko lawo likatchulidwa, nthumwi zitha kuyankha ndi "present" kapena "present and voting". Ngati nthumwi yasankha kuyankha ndi "present", akhoza kusiya kuvota pambuyo pake mu komiti, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kusinthasintha. Ngati nthumwi yasankha kuyankha ndi "zisankho ndi kuvota", sangaleke kuvota pambuyo pake mu komiti, kusonyeza kudzipereka kolimba kuti asankhe bwino pa nkhani iliyonse yomwe ikukambidwa. Nthumwi zatsopano zimalimbikitsidwa kuyankha ndi "present" chifukwa cha kusinthasintha komwe kumaperekedwa ndi yankho.
A wosankhidwa bwino ndi njira yamakambirano yokhazikika yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika zokambirana pamutu wawung'ono umodzi muzokambirana zambiri. Pamsonkhanowu, nthumwi zimakamba zokamba za mutu waung'ono, zomwe zimalola komiti yonse kuti imvetsetse udindo wapadera wa nthumwi iliyonse ndikupeza ogwirizana nawo. Mutu woyamba wa komiti nthawi zambiri mkangano wokhazikika, momwe nthumwi iliyonse imakambilana mitu ikuluikulu, mfundo za dziko, ndi udindo wawo. Zina mwazinthu zazikulu za caucus yoyendetsedwa ndi:
1. Kuyang'ana pamutu: imalola nthumwi kulowa mozama munkhani imodzi
2. Moyendetsedwa ndi daisi (munthu kapena gulu la anthu omwe amayendetsa komiti) kuti awonetsetse kuti mwadongosolo komanso mwadongosolo. Maudindo ena a pabwaloli ndi monga kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa anthu, kukambirana mowongolera, kuzindikira olankhula, kuyimba foni komaliza pamachitidwe, nthawi yolankhula, kutsogolera mkangano, kuyang'anira kuvota, ndi kusankha mphotho.
3. Zaperekedwa ndi nthumwi: Nthumwi iliyonse ikhoza kuyenda (kupempha komiti kuti ichitepo kanthu) pa msonkhano wokhazikika pofotokoza mutuwo, nthawi yonse, ndi nthawi yolankhula. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nthumwi ikunena kuti, "Kulimbikitsa msonkhano wa mphindi 9 ndi nthawi yolankhula ya masekondi 45 pa ndalama zomwe zingatheke kuti zigwirizane ndi nyengo," angopempha kumene kuti apite ku msonkhano wokhala ndi mutu wa ndalama zomwe zingatheke kuti athe kusintha nyengo. Msonkhano wawo ukhala kwa mphindi 9 ndipo nthumwi iliyonse idzalankhula kwa masekondi 45. Ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti zosintha zimangofunsidwa pokhapokha msonkhano wapitawo utatha (pokhapokha ngati kusunthako ndikuyimitsa msonkhano wapano). Zonse zomwe zingatheke zalembedwa pamutu wakuti "Miscellaneous" wa bukhuli.
Zikaganiziridwa pang'ono, komitiyo idzavotera zomwe akufuna kuti zichitike. Kusuntha koyamba kulandira a osavuta ambiri mavoti (oposa theka la mavoti) adzaperekedwa ndipo msonkhano wachigawo womwe unaperekedwa udzayamba. Ngati palibe chigamulo chomwe chimalandira unyinji wochepa, nthumwi zimapanga malingaliro atsopano ndipo njira yovota imabwerezedwa mpaka wina atalandira unyinji wochepa.
Kumayambiriro kwa msonkhano wokhazikika, dais adzasankha a mndandanda wa okamba, womwe ndi mndandanda wa nthumwi zomwe zidzalankhule pamisonkhano yoyendetsedwa. Nthumwi imene inalozera msonkhano umene ukuchitika panopa ndi wokhoza kusankha ngati akufuna kulankhula choyamba kapena chomaliza pa msonkhanowo.
Nthumwi ikhoza Zotuluka nthawi yawo yolankhula m’msonkhano wolinganizidwa kaya: bwalo (nthawi yotsalayo yasiyidwa), nthumwi ina (imalola nthumwi ina kulankhula popanda ndandanda ya wokamba nkhani), kapena mafunso (amapereka nthaŵi kwa nthumwi zina kufunsa mafunso).
Nthumwi zimatha kutumizanso a Zindikirani (chidutswa cha pepala) kwa nthumwi zina panthawi ya msonkhano wokhazikika pochipereka kwa wolandira. Zolemba izi ndi njira yofikira anthu omwe nthumwi angafune kugwira nawo ntchito pambuyo pake mu komiti. Nthumwi zimagwa mphwayi kutumiza manotsi pa nkhani ya nthumwi ina, chifukwa zimaonedwa kuti n’zopanda ulemu.
The Unmoderated Caucus
An msonkhano wopanda malire Ndi njira yosalongosoka yokambitsirana momwe nthumwi zimasiya mipando yawo ndikupanga magulu ndi nthumwi zina zomwe zili ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi iwo. Gulu limadziwika kuti a bloc, kupangidwa mwa kuzindikira zolankhula zofananira pamisonkhano yokhazikika kapena kudzera mukulankhulana pamisonkhano pogwiritsa ntchito manotsi. Nthawi zina, mabulogu amapangidwa chifukwa cha kulimbikitsa, yomwe ndi njira yosavomerezeka yomanga mgwirizano ndi nthumwi zina kunja kwa komiti kapena isanayambe. Pazifukwa izi, ma caucus osagwirizana nthawi zambiri amachitika pambuyo pa kutha kwa ma caucus angapo. Nthumwi iliyonse ikhoza kulimbikitsa msonkhano wosayang'aniridwa mwa kutchula nthawi yonse.
Mabulogu akapangidwa, nthumwi zidzayamba kulemba a pepala logwira ntchito, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati chiwongolero chakumaliza kwa mayankho omwe akufuna kuti awone poyesa kuthetsa mutu womwe ukukambidwa. Nthumwi zambiri zimapereka mayankho awo ndi malingaliro awo papepala logwira ntchito, kuwonetsetsa kuti mawu ndi malingaliro onse akumveka. Komabe, mayankho olembedwa mu pepala logwira ntchito akuyembekezeka kugwirira ntchito limodzi, ngakhale atakhala osiyana. Ngati mayankho osiyanasiyana sakugwirira ntchito limodzi, bloc iyenera kupatulidwa kukhala mabulogu angapo ang'onoang'ono omwe amayang'ana mwapadera komanso payekhapayekha.
Pambuyo pa ma caucus angapo osayendetsedwa, pepala logwira ntchito lidzakhala pepala lokonzekera, chomwe chiri chomaliza chomaliza. Maonekedwe a pepala lokonzekera ndi ofanana ndi pepala loyera (onani Momwe Mungalembere Pepala Loyera). Gawo loyamba la chigamulo ndi pamene nthumwi zimalemba a chigamulo choyambirira. Ndime izi zimafotokoza cholinga cha chigamulo. Mapepala ena onse amaperekedwa polemba mayankho, omwe ayenera kukhala achindunji momwe angathere. Mapepala otsimikiza amakhala ndi othandizira komanso osayina. A wothandizira ndi nthumwi yomwe inathandizira kwambiri papepala lachigamulo ndipo anabwera ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu zambiri (nthawi zambiri nthumwi 2-5). A wosayina ndi nthumwi yomwe inathandizira kulemba chigamulo kapena nthumwi yochokera ku gulu lina lomwe likufuna kuwona pepala likuperekedwa ndikuvotera. Nthawi zambiri, palibe malire pa osayina.
Kuwonetsera ndi Kuvota
Malingana ngati pepala lachigamulo liri ndi othandizira okwanira ndi osayina (zochepa zimasiyana ndi msonkhano), othandizira adzatha kupereka chigamulo ku komiti yonseyo. Othandizira ena awerenga chigamulocho (kupereka ulaliki) ndipo ena atenga nawo gawo pagawo la Q&A ndi chipinda chonsecho.
Zopereka zonse zikatha, nthumwi zonse mu komiti zidzavotera chigamulo chilichonse choperekedwa (mwina ndi "inde", "ayi", "peni" [pokhapokha ngati nthumwi itayankha kuyitanidwa ndi "voti yapano ndi kuvota"], "inde ndi maufulu" [akufotokoza voti pambuyo], "ayi ndi maufulu" [akufotokozera voti pambuyo pa], kapena "kuchedwa kwanthawi yochepa). Ngati pepala lilandira mavoti ochulukirapo, lidzaperekedwa.
Nthawi zina, a kusintha ikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti pakhale chigamulo, chomwe chingakhale ngati mgwirizano pakati pa magulu awiri a nthumwi. A kusintha kwaubwenzi (zogwirizana ndi onse othandizira) zitha kuperekedwa popanda kuvota. An kusintha kosasangalatsa (omwe sanavomerezedwe ndi othandizira onse) amafuna voti ya komiti komanso kuti ambiri adutse. Mapepala onse akavoteredwa, ndondomeko yonse ya komiti ya General Assembly ikubwereza mutu wa komiti iliyonse mpaka mitu yonse itayankhidwa. Pa nthawiyi, komiti yatha.
Zosiyanasiyana
The mayendedwe otsogolera imatsimikizira kuti ndi zoyenda ziti zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri komanso zomwe zimavotera poyamba pamene kusuntha kosiyanasiyana kumaperekedwa nthawi imodzi. Kuyamba kwa motion order ndi motere: Mfundo Yadongosolo (amakonza zolakwika za ndondomeko), Mfundo Yaumwini Mwayi (amalankhula za kusapeza bwino kapena zosowa za nthumwi panthawiyo), Mfundo ya Kufufuza kwa Nyumba Yamalamulo (akufunsa funso lomveka bwino la lamulo kapena ndondomeko), Yendani ku Imitsani Msonkhano (kumaliza gawo la komiti tsikulo kapena kwamuyaya [ngati ndi gawo lomaliza la komiti]), Zolimbikitsa Kuyimitsa Msonkhano (kuyimitsa komiti pa nkhomaliro kapena nthawi yopuma), Kulimbikitsa Kuyimitsa Mkangano (amathetsa mkangano pamutu popanda kuvotera), Yendani ku Tsekani Mkangano (kumaliza mndandanda wa wokamba nkhani ndikupita ku njira yovota), Kusuntha Kukhazikitsa Agenda (amasankha mutu woti mukambirane poyamba [omwe amawunikiridwa koyambirira kwa komiti]), Kusuntha kwa Caucus Moderated, Cholinga cha Caucus Yopanda Moderated, ndi Kulimbikitsa Kusintha Nthawi Yolankhula (amasintha kutalika kwa wokamba nkhani panthawi yotsutsana). Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti a mfundo, pempho loperekedwa ndi nthumwi kuti adziwe zambiri kapena zochita zokhudzana ndi nthumwiyo, zitha kupangidwa popanda kuyitanidwa kwa nthumwiyo.
A wapamwamba ndi ochuluka momwe mavoti opitilira magawo awiri pa atatu akufunika. Ma Supermajorities amafunikira kuti a kusamvana kwapadera (chilichonse chomwe bwalo lamilandu likuwona kuti ndi lovuta kapena lovuta), zosintha pamapepala achigamulo, zosintha pamachitidwe, kuyimitsidwa kwa mkangano wokhudza mutu kuti upite kukavota nthawi yomweyo, kutsitsimutsa mutu womwe unayikidwa kale pambali, kapena Gawo la Funso (kuvotera zigawo za pepala lachigamulo padera).
A kuyenda kwa dilatory ndi chigamulo chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi chosokoneza komanso chopangidwa ndi cholinga chokha cholepheretsa kutsutsana ndi komiti. Amakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri kuti asunge bwino komanso kukongoletsa. Zitsanzo zina za kusuntha kwafupikitsa ndikutumizanso kusuntha komwe kwalephera popanda kusintha kwakukulu kapena kuyambitsa zoyenda mongotaya nthawi. Dalaivala ili ndi mphamvu yolamulira kusuntha monga kusinthasintha malinga ndi cholinga chake komanso nthawi yake. Ngati chiwongolerocho chikuwonjezeka, kusunthaku kumanyalanyazidwa ndikutayidwa.
Kuvota komwe kwatchulidwa mu bukhuli ndi kuvota kokwanira, zomwe zimalola kuti "inde", "ayi", ndi "kupewa" (pokhapokha ngati nthumwi itayankha kuyitanidwa ndi "present and voting"), "inde ndi maufulu" (akufotokoza voti pambuyo), "ayi ndi maufulu" (akufotokoza voti pambuyo pake), kapena "kudutsa" (kuchedwetsa voti kwa kanthaŵi). Njira vkuwombera ndi mtundu wa kuvota komwe palibe amene angakane. Zitsanzo zina ndikukhazikitsa ndandanda, kusamukira ku msonkhano wapakati kapena wosayang'aniridwa, kukhazikitsa kapena kusintha nthawi yolankhula, ndi kutseka kwa mkangano. Pereka voti ndi mtundu wa kuvota kumene bwalo limatchula dzina la dziko lililonse motsatira zilembo ndipo nthumwi zimayankha ndi mavoti awo enieni.
Ulemu ndi Makhalidwe
M’pofunika kulemekeza nthumwi zina, bwalo, ndi msonkhano wonse. Kuyesayesa kwakukulu kumayikidwa pakupanga ndi kuyendetsa msonkhano uliwonse wa Model UN, kotero nthumwi ziyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri pa ntchito yawo ndikuthandizira komiti monga momwe angathere.
Kafotokozedwe ka mawu
● Kusintha: Kubwerezanso ku gawo la chigamulo chomwe chingathe kukhala ngati mgwirizano pakati pa magulu awiri a nthumwi.
● Malangizo Oyambira: Buku lofufuzira loperekedwa ndi webusaiti ya msonkhano; chiyambi chabwino pokonzekera komiti.
● Bwalo: Gulu la nthumwi zomwe zili ndi maganizo ofanana pa nkhani ina. ● Komiti: Gulu la nthumwi zomwe zimasonkhana pamodzi kuti akambirane ndi kuthetsa mutu kapena mtundu wa nkhani.
● Dais: Munthu kapena gulu la anthu omwe amayendetsa komitiyi.
● Nthumwi: Wophunzira amene wapatsidwa udindo woimira dziko.
● Dilatory Motion: Lingaliro lomwe likuwoneka ngati losokoneza, longofuna kulepheretsa kutsutsana kapena zochitika za komiti.
● Kugawanika kwa Funso: Kuvotera mbali zina za pepala lachigamulo padera.
● Mikangano Yokhazikika: Mtsutso wokonzedwa bwino (wofanana ndi msonkhano wokhazikika) pomwe nthumwi iliyonse imakambirana mitu yayikulu, mfundo zadziko, komanso momwe dziko lawo lilili.
● Kukopa: Kupanga mgwirizano ndi nthumwi zina zisanachitike kapena kunja kwa makomiti okhazikika.
● UN Model: Chifaniziro cha United Nations.
● Msonkhano wa UN Model: Chochitika chomwe ophunzira amakhala ngati nthumwi zoimira mayiko omwe atumizidwa.
● Moderated Caucus: Mkangano wokhazikika unkayang'ana pamutu umodzi waung'ono mkati mwazokambirana zambiri.
● Zoyenda: Pempho lovomerezeka kuti komiti ichitepo kanthu.
● Motion Order Precedence: Dongosolo la kufunikira kwa zosuntha, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa chomwe chimavotera poyamba pamene mavoti angapo akuperekedwa.
● Cholinga cha Caucus Moderated: Pempho lopempha msonkhano wokhazikika.
● Cholinga cha Caucus Yopanda Moderated: Pempho lopempha bungwe loyang'anira bungwe losayendetsedwa. ● Zolimbikitsa Kuyimitsa Mkangano: Amathetsa zokambirana pamutu osasunthika kuvoti.
● Zolimbikitsa Kuyimitsa Msonkhano: Amathetsa gawo la komiti tsikulo kapena kwamuyaya (ngati ndilo gawo lomaliza).
● Kusintha Nthawi Yolankhula: Imasintha utali wa wokamba nkhani aliyense pa nthawi ya mkangano.
● Cholinga Chotseka Mkangano: Amamaliza mndandanda wa okamba nkhani ndikusuntha komiti kuti ipange voti.
● Cholinga Chokhazikitsa Agenda: Amasankha mutu woti mukambirane kaye (nthawi zambiri umakambidwa koyambirira kwa komiti).
● Zomwe Zikufuna Kuyimitsa Msonkhano: Imayimitsa gawo la komiti nthawi yopuma kapena nkhomaliro.
● Zindikirani: Kapepala kakang'ono kamene kanadutsa pakati pa nthumwi panthawi ya msonkhano wokhazikika
● Lozani: Pempho loperekedwa ndi nthumwi kuti mudziwe zambiri kapena zochita zokhudzana ndi nthumwiyo; zitha kupangidwa popanda kuzindikirika.
● Mfundo Yadongosolo: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza cholakwika chamchitidwe.
● Kufufuza kwa Nyumba Yamalamulo: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofunsa funso lomveka bwino la malamulo kapena ndondomeko.
● Mwayi Waumwini: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi zovuta kapena zosowa za nthumwi. ● Position Pepala: Nkhani yaifupi yomwe imamveketsa bwino momwe nthumwi imagwirira ntchito, ikuwonetsa kafukufuku, ikupereka mayankho ogwirizana, ndikuwongolera zokambirana za komiti.
● Kuvota Mwanjira: Mtundu wa mavoti omwe nthumwi sizingalephere.
● Chiwerengero: Chiwerengero chochepa cha nthumwi chofunika kuti komiti ipitirire.
● Pepala Lasankho: Zolemba zomaliza za mayankho omwe nthumwi akufuna kuti zichitike kuti athetse vutoli.
● Roll Call: Kufufuza koyambirira kwa gawoli kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero.
● Kuvotera Kuyimba: Voti yomwe bwalo lamilandu limayitanira dziko lililonse motsatira zilembo ndipo nthumwi zimayankha ndi mavoti awo enieni.
● Wosayina: Nthumwi yomwe inathandizira kulemba pepala lachigamulo kapena kuthandizira kuti iperekedwe ndikuvotera.
● Zambiri Zosavuta: Oposa theka la mavoti.
● Mndandanda wa Oyankhula: Mndandanda wa nthumwi zomwe zakonzekera kuyankhula pamisonkhano yokhazikika.
● Kusamvana Kwapadera: Chigamulo chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi chovuta kapena chokhudzidwa ndi bwalo.
● Wothandizira: Nthumwi yomwe idathandizira kwambiri papepala lachigamulo ndikulemba malingaliro ake ambiri.
● Kuvota Kwambiri: Kuvota komwe kumalola kuyankha monga inde, ayi, pewani (pokhapokha zitalembedwa kuti "pano ndi kuvota"), inde ndi maufulu, ayi ndi maufulu, kapena chiphaso.
● Supermajority: Zambiri zomwe zimafuna mavoti opitilira magawo awiri mwa atatu a mavoti.
● Caucus Yosayendetsedwa: Kapangidwe ka mkangano kosalongosoka komwe nthumwi zimayenda momasuka kupanga magulu ndi kuchitira limodzi mayankho.
● Pepala Loyera: Dzina lina la pepala la udindo.
● Pepala la ntchito: Zolemba za mayankho omwe aperekedwa omwe pamapeto pake atha kukhala pepala lachisankho.
● Zotuluka: Mchitidwe wopereka nthawi yotsala ya munthu wolankhula pabwalo, nthumwi ina, kapena mafunso.
Momwe Mungalembe Pepala Loyera
Misonkhano yambiri imafuna nthumwi kuti zipereke kafukufuku / kukonzekera kwawo mu mawonekedwe a positi pepala (wotchedwanso a pepala loyera), nkhani yaifupi imene ikufotokoza bwino za udindo wa nthumwi (monga woimira dziko lawo), imasonyeza kafukufuku ndi kumvetsa nkhaniyo, ikupereka njira zothetsera zomwe zikugwirizana ndi maganizo a nthumwiyo, ndipo zimathandiza kutsogolera zokambirana pa msonkhano. Pepala la udindo ndi njira yabwino yowonetsetsa kuti nthumwi yakonzekera komiti ndipo ili ndi chidziwitso chokwanira. Pamutu uliwonse uyenera kulembedwa pepala limodzi.
Mapepala oyera akuyenera kukhala masamba 1-2 m'litali, akhale ndi font ya Times New Roman (12 pt), akhale ndi malo amodzi, ndi m'mphepete mwa inchi imodzi. Pamwamba kumanzere kwa pepala lanu la udindo, nthumwi ifotokoze komiti yake, mutu, dziko, mtundu wa pepala, dzina lathunthu, ndi sukulu (ngati zilipo).
Ndime yoyamba ya pepala loyera iyenera kuyang'ana pa chidziwitso chakumbuyo ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi. Mfundo zina zofunika kuziphatikiza ndikuwunika mwachidule zapadziko lonse lapansi, ziwerengero zazikulu, mbiri yakale, ndi/kapena zochita za UN. Nthumwi zikulimbikitsidwa kunena mosapita m'mbali momwe zingathere m'ndimeyi.
Ndime yachiwiri ya pepala loyera inene momveka bwino pamene dziko la nthumwi layima pa mutuwo ndi kufotokoza maganizo a dziko. Mfundo zina zofunika kuziphatikiza ndi maganizo a dziko pa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za nkhaniyi (zotsutsa, zotsutsa, kapena zapakati), zifukwa za kaimidwe ka dziko (zachuma, chitetezo, ndale, ndi zina zotero), ndi/kapena mawu a boma akale, mbiri yakale yovota, kapena ndondomeko za dziko.
Ndime yachitatu ya pepala loyera iyenera kupereka ndondomeko zomveka, zomveka zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zokonda za dziko, malingaliro ake, ndi mfundo zake. Mfundo zina zofunika kuziphatikiza ndi malingaliro enieni a mapangano, mapulogalamu, malamulo, kapena mgwirizano, zopereka zandalama, zaukadaulo kapena zaukazembe, ndi/kapena mayankho amdera kapena maubwenzi.
Ndime yachinayi ya pepala loyera ndi mapeto, omwe ali osankha. Cholinga cha ndimeyi ndikuwonetsa kuti dziko la nthumwi ndi logwirizana komanso lofuna mayankho. Ndimeyi ikuyenera kutsimikiziranso kudzipereka kwa dziko ku zolinga za komiti, kufunitsitsa kugwira ntchito ndi mayiko kapena mabungwe enaake, ndikugogomezera zokambirana ndi zochita zamagulu.
Upangiri wina polemba pepala loyera ndikuti nthumwi zizichita kafukufuku wozama (monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu General Assembly), alembe malinga ndi malingaliro a dziko lawo, osati iwo eni, agwiritse ntchito chilankhulo, kupewa munthu woyamba (kumadzitcha dzina la dziko lawo), tchulani magwero ovomerezeka a United Nations kuti akhulupirire, ndikutsatira malangizo okhudza msonkhanowo.
Chitsanzo Papepala Loyera #1
SPECPOL
Iraq
Mutu A: Kuonetsetsa Chitetezo cha Kupanga kwa Atomiki
James Smith
American High School
M'mbiri yakale, Iraq idatsata mphamvu za nyukiliya ngati njira yothetsera vuto la kuzimitsidwa kwa magetsi komwe kumavutitsa anthu ambiri mdzikolo. Ngakhale kuti dziko la Iraq silikutsata mphamvu za nyukiliya panopa, tili ndi mwayi wapadera wochitira umboni za zotsatira za kulowererapo kwa UN mu mapulogalamu a nyukiliya. Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Saddam Hussein, Iraq idatsata pulogalamu yanyukiliya, yomwe idatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi mayiko aku Western, omwe ndi United States. Chifukwa cha kutsutsidwa kumeneku, dziko la Iraq linkayang'anizana ndi kuyendera malo ake mosalekeza ndi mwankhanza ndi UN. Ngakhale kulipo kwa Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, zowunikirazi zidachitikabe. Iwo analepheretsa kwathunthu mphamvu za Iraq kutsata mphamvu za nyukiliya ngati njira yabwino. Kuthekera kwakukulu kwa komitiyi ndikuzindikira malamulo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo okhudza mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Pokhala ndi mphamvu ya nyukiliya yokhala ndi chotchinga chochepa kwambiri choloŵerapo kuposa mmene inalili m’mbiri yakale, mayiko ambiri tsopano akuyang’ana ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya monga magwero otsika mtengo a mphamvu. Ndi kukwera kumeneku kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya, malamulo oyenera ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti awonetsetse kuti mayiko akuyenda bwino pazachuma komanso chitetezo choyenera cha malowa.
Iraq ikukhulupirira kuti kuwongolera ndikulimbikitsa chitetezo cha nyukiliya cha mayiko kuyenera kusiyidwa kwa maboma awo, mothandizidwa ndi chitsogozo chochokera ku International Atomic Energy Agency. Kuwongolera mopambanitsa kumatha kutsekereza njira ya dziko ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya, ndipo Iraq imakhulupirira mwamphamvu kuti kudzilamulira, ndi chitsogozo ndi kuyang'anira, ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira mayiko kuti apite ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Kuchokera pa pulogalamu yake ya nyukiliya mu 1980s, yoimitsidwa kwathunthu ndi kulowererapo kwa mayiko akunja ndi kuphulitsa mabomba, mpaka mapulani omanga zida zatsopano m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi kuti athetse kuzima kwa magetsi ku Iraq, Iraq ili pamalo abwino kukambirana njira yoyenera yoyendetsera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Iraq ili ndi komiti yakeyake ya Atomic Energy Commission yomwe imayang'anira ndi kuyang'anira mapulani a mphamvu ya nyukiliya, ndipo ili kale ndi mphamvu zokhuza momwe mphamvu ya nyukiliya imasungidwira ndikugwiritsidwira ntchito. Izi zikuyika Iraq pamalo abwino oti apange dongosolo lolimba komanso lotheka la momwe UN iyenera kutsata malamulo a nyukiliya.
Pofuna kuthandizira kusintha kwa mphamvu za azungu okha, komanso mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ku mphamvu za nyukiliya, komitiyi iyenera kuyang'ana pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka nyukiliya kokwanira ndi kuyang'anira pa mayiko onse kuti asasokoneze kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya, koma m'malo mwake kuti aziwongolera ndi kuzithandizira. Kuti izi zitheke, Iraq ikukhulupirira kuti zigamulo ziyenera kutsindika mbali zitatu zazikulu: imodzi, kupanga ndi kuthandizira kukhazikitsa makomiti amphamvu a nyukiliya omwe amayendetsedwa ndi dziko lomwe likupanga mphamvu za nyukiliya. Kachiwiri, kupitiriza kuwongolera ndi kuyang'anira mabungwe omwe amayang'anira mphamvu za nyukiliya pakupanga zida zatsopano za nyukiliya, komanso kusunga zida zamakono. Chachitatu, kuthandizira mapulogalamu a nyukiliya a mayiko ndi ndalama, kuthandizira kusintha kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mayiko onse, mosasamala kanthu za chuma, apitirizebe kupanga mphamvu ya nyukiliya.
Chitsanzo Papepala Loyera #2
SPECPOL
Iraq
Mutu B: Neocolonialism ya Masiku Ano
James Smith
American High School
Iraq yadziwonera yokha zowononga zomwe neocolonialism ili nazo pamayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Mayiko ambiri oyandikana nafe ku Middle East chuma chawo chatsika mwadala, ndipo zoyesayesa zakusintha zalephereka, zonsezo kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama zotsika mtengo zomwe mayiko aku Western akugwiritsa ntchito. Iraq mwiniwake wakumana ndi izi, popeza dziko lathu lakhala likukhudzidwa ndi zochitika zambiri ndi ntchito zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 mpaka kupitirira 2010. Chifukwa cha chiwawa chosalekeza ichi, magulu ankhondo ali ndi mphamvu kumadera ambiri a Iraq, ambiri mwa nzika zathu amakhalabe muumphawi, ndipo ngongole yopunduka imalepheretsa kuyesera kulikonse kupititsa patsogolo zochitika zachuma ku Iraq. Zopinga zimenezi zakulitsa kwambiri kudalira kwathu mayiko akunja kuchita malonda, thandizo, ngongole, ndi ndalama. Nkhani zofanana kwambiri ndi zathu sizipezeka ku Iraq ndi Middle East kokha komanso m'maiko ambiri omwe akutukuka kumene padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene mayiko otukuka kumene ameneŵa ndi nzika zake akupitirizabe kudyeredwa masuku pamutu, kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kuyenera kuchitika pofuna kuthetsa ulamuliro umene maulamuliro olemera ali nawo ndi mavuto a zachuma amene akutsatiridwa nawo.
M'mbuyomu, bungwe la United Nations lidayesa kuchepetsa kudalira chuma komwe mayiko omwe akutukuka ali nako kumayiko otukuka, ndiko kuti, pogogomezera kufunika kwa zomangamanga ndi ntchito zabwino kuti pakhale ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma. Iraq imakhulupirira kuti ngakhale zolingazi zikutheka, ziyenera kukulitsidwa kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti ufulu wachuma ukukwaniritsidwadi. Thandizo losagwira ntchito kapena losakwanira limakulitsa kudalira mayiko akunja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitukuko chikhale chochepa, kukhala ndi moyo wotsika, komanso mavuto azachuma. Kuyambira kuukira kwa Iraq mu 1991 mpaka zaka 8 ku Iraq, komwe kudapitilira mpaka 2011, komanso zaka zotsatira za zipolowe zandale komanso kusakhazikika kwachuma komwe kumayambitsa kudalira mayiko ena, Iraq ili ndi mwayi wolankhula ndendende momwe thandizo liyenera kuwonekera kwa mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene omwe amadalira kwambiri mayiko otukuka.
Pofuna kuthandizira chitukuko cha zachuma cha mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, ndi kuchepetsa kudalira mayiko akunja kuti athandizidwe, malonda, ngongole, ndi mabizinesi, komitiyi iyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri pa kuchepetsa mphamvu za chuma, kuchepetsa kulowerera ndale za mayiko m'mayiko ena, komanso kudzidalira pachuma. Kuti izi zitheke, Iraq ikukhulupirira kuti zigamulo ziyenera kutsindika a
ndondomeko zinayi: imodzi, kulimbikitsa kubweza ngongole kapena mapulani opuma ngongole kwa mayiko omwe ngongole zawo zakunja zimalepheretsa kukula kwachuma. Kachiwiri, kulepheretsa kutengera ndale m'maiko ena kudzera munkhondo kapena zochita zina zomwe zimalepheretsa demokalase ndi zofuna za nzika. Chachitatu, limbikitsani ndalama zabizinesi kudera, kupereka ntchito ndi chitukuko, kulimbikitsa kukula kwachuma ndi kudziyimira pawokha. Chachinayi, kuletsa mwachangu kupereka ndalama kapena kuthandizira kwa magulu ankhondo m'maiko ena omwe amayesa kulanda mphamvu ku boma losankhidwa mwa demokalase.
Chitsanzo Papepala Loyera #3
Bungwe Loyanganira Thanzi Padziko Lonse la Pansi
United Kingdom
Mutu B: Kupezeka kwa Zaumoyo Padziko Lonse
James Smith
American High School
M'mbiri yakale, United Kingdom idakakamiza kuti pakhale kusintha kwakukulu pazaumoyo kuonetsetsa kuti nzika zonse, mosasamala kanthu za kalasi, mtundu, kapena jenda, zitha kupeza chithandizo chamankhwala. U.K. yakhala mpainiya wopereka chithandizo chamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 1948, pomwe National Health Service idakhazikitsidwa. Chitsanzo cha ku Britain cha chithandizo chamankhwala chapadziko lonse chatsatiridwa ndi mayiko ambiri omwe akufuna kupanga chithandizo chamankhwala ndipo athandizira mayiko omwe akufuna kupanga machitidwe awo a zaumoyo. UK yathandizira kukhazikitsa njira zothandizira zaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi padziko lonse lapansi ndipo yapanga njira yabwino kwambiri yoperekera chithandizo chaumoyo kwa nzika zake, yomwe yapeza chidziwitso chochuluka m'njira yoyenera kuti ipange mapulogalamu athanzi amphamvu komanso ogwira mtima. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya komitiyi ndikusankha njira yoyenera yolimbikitsira mapulogalamu azaumoyo m'maiko omwe alibe kale, ndikupereka thandizo kumayiko awa pamachitidwe awo azaumoyo. Popeza chisamaliro chaumoyo chapadziko lonse chikufunika kuti mayiko onse atengere, njira yoyenera yolimbikitsira mapulogalamu azachipatala, komanso mtundu wa chithandizo uyenera kuperekedwa kwa mayiko omwe akukhazikitsa mapulogalamuwa ndizovuta kwambiri.
UK ikukhulupirira kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa chithandizo chamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi m'maiko opeza ndalama zochepa komanso apakati kuyenera kukhala kofunikira kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti njira zothandizira anthu omwe sangakhale ndi mwayi wopeza chithandizo chamankhwala atha. Kusagwira ntchito moyenera kwa chithandizo chamankhwala m'mayiko otsika komanso apakati kungayambitse kuperekedwa kwa chithandizo chamankhwala motengera luso, m'malo mongofuna, zomwe zitha kukulitsa zovuta zomwe zilipo kale popereka chithandizo chamankhwala kwa anthu ovutika. Dziko la UK limakhulupirira kwambiri kuti kuphatikiza thandizo lachindunji ndi ndondomeko yogwirizana ndi mayiko ena kuti awatsogolere ku chithandizo chaumoyo wapadziko lonse lapansi kungapangitse mayiko kupanga mapulogalamu ogwira mtima komanso okhazikika a zaumoyo padziko lonse. M'chidziwitso chake pakupanga kusintha kwa chithandizo chamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi, komanso chitukuko chabwino ndi kukonza chithandizo chaumoyo kwa nzika zake, UK ili pamalo abwino oti alankhule kuti njira yoyenera ndi yotani komanso thandizo lomwe likufunika kulimbikitsa chisamaliro chaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi m'maiko padziko lonse lapansi.
Pofuna kuthandizira kusintha kwa mphamvu za azungu okha, koma mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zapakati / zochepa, komitiyi iyenera kuyang'ana pa kusanja kwa chithandizo chachindunji ku mapulogalamu a zaumoyo a mayiko ndi kuthandizira pakupanga dongosolo la mapulogalamu amphamvu komanso ogwira mtima padziko lonse lapansi. Kuti izi zitheke, dziko la U.K. likukhulupirira kuti zigamulo ziyenera kutsindika njira zitatu: imodzi, kuthandiza kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zachipatala m'dziko lino pokonzekera chitukuko chamtsogolo. Kachiwiri, perekani chitsogozo ndi dongosolo lomwe dziko lingatsatire kuti lisinthire bwino mapulogalamu azaumoyo kuti athe kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi. Chachitatu, maiko omwe akutukula chithandizo chaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi ndindalama, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mayiko onse, mosasamala kanthu za chuma chake, atha kupereka chithandizo chaumoyo kwa nzika zawo moyenera komanso moyenera.
Chitsanzo Papepala Loyera #4
UNESCO
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Mutu A: Kugwirizana kwa Nyimbo
James Smith
American High School
Dziko la Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste lili ndi mbiri yakale yachibadwidwe kuyambira zaka masauzande angapo. Nyimbo nthawi zonse zakhala gawo lalikulu la chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Timor, ngakhale kutenga nawo mbali mu gulu la ufulu wa Timor kuchokera ku Indonesia. Chifukwa cha utsamunda wa Apwitikizi komanso ntchito zambiri zachiwawa, chikhalidwe ndi nyimbo za anthu a ku Timor zafota. Kudziyimira pawokha kwaposachedwa komanso mayendedwe obwezeretsa alimbikitsa magulu ambiri amtundu m'dziko lonselo kutsitsimutsa miyambo yawo. Zoyesayesa izi zabwera ndi vuto lalikulu, popeza zida za ku Timor ndi nyimbo zachikhalidwe zatayika kwambiri m'zaka mazana apitawa. Komanso, luso la ojambula a ku Timorese kupanga nyimbo zalephereka kwambiri ndi umphawi umene umavutitsa anthu ambiri m'dzikoli. Oposa 45% ya anthu pachilumbachi amakhala muumphawi, kulepheretsa kupeza zinthu zofunika kuti asunge nyimbo mkati mwa Timor-Leste. Mavutowa sali okha kwa ojambula a ku Timor, koma amagawidwa ndi ojambula padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu a ku Australia a Aboriginal, omwe adakumana ndi zovuta zofanana ndi zomwe anthu a ku Timorese anakumana nazo, ataya 98% ya nyimbo zawo zachikhalidwe chifukwa cha izi. Udindo waukulu wa komitiyi ndi kupereka chithandizo chotetezera chikhalidwe cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kupereka mwayi kwa anthu kugawana chikhalidwe chawo chapadera. Ndi chikoka chakumadzulo chomwe chikukulirakulira kwa nyimbo padziko lonse lapansi, kusunga nyimbo zakufa ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale.
Dziko la Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste likukhulupirira kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu othandizira m'maiko osatukuka komanso olamulidwa ndi atsamunda kuti athandizire akatswiri ojambula ndikofunika kwambiri kuti zisungidwe zachikhalidwe komanso cholowa cha nyimbo padziko lonse lapansi. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zothandizira nyimbo za anthu amtundu wa Timor, Timor-Leste ayesa kulimbikitsa nyimbo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kufa zomwe zili m'maderawa. Chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma a ku Timor-Leste ndipo akuvutika kuti apitirizebe kudziimira paokha kuchokera ku mayiko ankhondo oyandikana nawo, mapulogalamuwa akumana ndi mavuto aakulu, omwe aipitsidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ndalama ndi ndalama. Kupyolera muzochitika zachindunji ndi ndalama za UN, zomwe ndi panthawi ya ufulu wa Timor-Leste, zoyesayesa zotsitsimutsa nyimbo za ku Timor zakhala zikupita patsogolo kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, dziko la Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste limakhulupirira kwambiri zotsatira zabwino zomwe zochita zachindunji ndi ndalama zingakhudze mayiko osauka. Sikuti zotsatira zake zawoneka mu nyimbo, komanso mu mgwirizano wa dziko komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu onse. Pa nthawi imene dziko la Timor-Leste linkafuna ufulu wodzilamulira, thandizo limene bungwe la UN linapereka linathandiza kuti chikhalidwe cha dzikolo chiyambenso kuyenda bwino, kuphatikizapo zaluso, chinenero cha makolo komanso mbiri yakale. Chifukwa cha kupitiriza kukangana kwa Timor-Leste ndi mbiri yakale ya chikhalidwe cha atsamunda, kukhazikitsidwa kwake kwa kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wodzilamulira, ndi kuyesetsa kutsitsimutsa chikhalidwe chawo, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste ili m'malo abwino kulankhula za momwe angasungire nyimbo bwino m'mayiko omwe akukumana ndi zovuta zofanana padziko lonse lapansi.
Pokhala pragmatic momwe zingathere, ndikugwira ntchito kuti apange ziganizo zogwira mtima, komitiyi iyenera kuyang'ana pa kuphatikiza kwa ndalama zothandizira mwachindunji, kupereka maphunziro ndi zothandizira kupatsa mphamvu ojambula, ndi kupereka zolimbikitsa mkati mwa makampani oimba nyimbo kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito ndi luso la akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe sali odziwika bwino. Kuti izi zitheke, dziko la Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste likukhulupirira kuti zigamulo ziyenera kutsindika njira zitatu: choyamba, kupanga mapulogalamu othandizira omwe ndalama zoyendetsedwa ndi UN zingaperekedwe moyenera kulimbikitsa nyimbo zachikhalidwe zomwe zatsala pang'ono kufa. Kachiwiri, kukhazikitsa mwayi wopeza maphunziro ndi zothandizira kwa ojambula kuti athandizire kusunga ndi kufalitsa nyimbo zachikhalidwe chawo. Pomaliza, kupatsa akatswiri ojambula ndi kulumikizana nawo mumakampani oimba, ndikuwongolera mapangano pakati pa ojambula ndi zimphona zamakampani kuti awonetsetse kuti akuchitiridwa zinthu mwachilungamo, kulipidwa, ndi kusunga ndi kusunga mitundu ya nyimbo zomwe zikumwalira. Poyang'ana pazochitika zofunikazi, Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste ili ndi chidaliro kuti komitiyi ikhoza kupereka chigamulo chomwe sichimangoteteza nyimbo zocheperapo za zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, komanso zimatsimikizira chitetezo cha ojambula okha, kuteteza kupitiriza kwa miyambo yawo yamtengo wapatali ya nyimbo.
Chitsanzo Papepala Loyera #5
UNESCO
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Mutu B: Kugulitsa Zinthu Zakale Zachikhalidwe
James Smith
American High School
Monga momwe mwana amatayira gawo lake pamene kholo limwalira, mitundu ndi anthu amtundu wawo amatayika kwambiri akalandidwa zikhalidwe zawo zakale. Kusapezekako sikungomveka chabe m'malo ooneka osiyidwa komanso kusokoneza mwakachetechete kwa anthu ndi cholowa chawo. Dziko la Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste lakumananso ndi mbiri yoipa mofananamo. M'dziko la Timor-Leste lakhala likulamulidwa ndi atsamunda, anthu achiwawa komanso akupha anthu ambiri. M’mbiri yawo yakale monga chisumbu cholemera kwambiri cha zilumba za Lesser Sunda, nzika za ku Timorzi zinapanga zojambulajambula, nsalu, ndi zida zapamwamba za mkuwa. Pambuyo pa kulandidwa kwa Apwitikizi, Dutch, ndipo potsirizira pake ku Indonesia, zinthu zakale zimenezi zasowa pachilumbachi, ndipo zimangowonekera m’nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale za ku Ulaya ndi ku Indonesia. Zinthu zakale zomwe zinabedwa m'mabwinja a ku Timorese zimathandizira msika wakuda womwe umakonda kuchitidwa ndi anthu am'deralo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala paumphawi. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya komitiyi ndi kuthandiza mayiko akuyesetsa kuthana ndi kuba zaluso komanso kuthandiza mayiko kuti atengenso zinthu zakale zomwe zidatengedwa panthawi yautsamunda. Popeza kuba zaluso zikupitilirabe komanso mayiko omwe akulamulidwa ndi atsamunda omwe alibe mphamvu zowongolera chikhalidwe chawo, kupanga mapulogalamu othandizira mayiko kuteteza chikhalidwe chawo komanso kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano okhudzana ndi zomwe atsamunda akukhalamo ndizovuta kwambiri.
Dziko la Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste limalimbikitsa mwamphamvu kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo atsopano omwe amapereka ufulu wa mayiko kuti atengenso katundu wa chikhalidwe chomwe chinatengedwa chaka cha 1970 chisanafike, nthawi yodziwika ndi kuzunzika kwakukulu kwa atsamunda ndi kulanda chuma cha chikhalidwe. Mbiri ya Timor-Leste ili ndi zovuta zambiri zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha zomwe adakumana nazo pokambirana ndi atsamunda kuti abweze zinthu zakale zamtengo wapatali zomwe zidabedwa panthawi yomwe anthu anali kukhala. Kulimbana ndi kubweza anthu kumayiko ena kumatsimikizira kufunika kofulumira kwa malamulo olimba omwe amathandizira kubweza zinthu zakale zomwe zabedwa kumayiko omwe adachokera. Kuphatikiza apo, Timor-Leste yalimbana ndi vuto la kugulitsa zinthu zakale popanda chilolezo m'malire ake, kuwonetsa kufunikira kowonjezereka kothandizira komanso njira zothandizira kuteteza chikhalidwe chawo kuti chisapezedwe ndi kubedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, Timor-Leste ikuyimira ngati umboni wa zovuta ndi zenizeni za nkhani za chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe m'dziko lamakono ndipo ali wokonzeka kupereka zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali pakupanga njira zogwirira ntchito zothetsera mavutowa padziko lonse lapansi.
Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti njira zake zikuyenda bwino, komitiyi iyenera kuyika patsogolo kukhazikitsidwa kwazinthu zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi anthu omwe cholinga chake ndi kuteteza chikhalidwe cha anthu, kupanga zida zopezeka padziko lonse lapansi kuti zithandizire kutsata kusinthana kwa zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe, komanso kukhazikitsa njira zomwe zithandizire kubweza zinthu zakale zomwe zidapezedwa chisanafike chaka cha 1970. Pofuna kulimbikitsa ntchito zothana ndi kuzembetsa zinthu zakale zachikhalidwe, dziko la Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste likufuna kukhazikitsa gulu la anthu ongodzipereka lomwe lingathe kulembetsa pa intaneti ndi kulandira maphunziro apadera kuti lithandizire kuzindikira ndi kubwezeretsanso chuma chabedwa. Mamembala a gululi apatsidwa mphamvu zogwirira ntchito limodzi ndi INTERPOL, kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira komanso chithandizo pakufunafuna zinthu zakale zomwe zabedwa, ndipo adzalandira kuzindikira ndi kulipidwa pazopereka zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, pofuna kulimbikitsa izi, a Timor-Leste amalimbikitsa kupanga chida chopangidwa ndi nzeru zopanga kuti chizitha kuyang'ana mwadongosolo nsanja zapaintaneti zogulitsa zinthu zakale zabedwa. Pokhala ndi luso lotsimikizira, chidachi chitha kudziwitsa akuluakulu aboma komanso kupewa kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi nkhokwe zomwe zilipo kale poyesetsa kuteteza zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa choganizira kwambiri ntchito zazikuluzikuluzi, dziko la Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste likulimbikitsa komitiyi kuti ichitepo kanthu pothana ndi kufunikira koteteza chikhalidwe chathu chomwe timagawana nawo. Poika patsogolo ntchito zoyambira, kupanga zida zotsatirira, ndikukhazikitsa njira zobwezera zinthu zakale, komitiyi ikhoza kulimbikitsa kuyesetsa kwapagulu polimbana ndi kuzembetsa zikhalidwe. Kukhazikitsidwa kwalingaliro kwa mabungwe odzipereka, limodzi ndi kuphatikiza kwaukadaulo woyendetsedwa ndi AI, zikuyimira njira zowoneka bwino zosungitsira chikhalidwe cha mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Chitsanzo Resolution Paper
UNESCO
Mutu B: Kugulitsa Zinthu Zachikhalidwe
Kupanga Zinthu Zofunika Zachikhalidwe (FOCUS)
Othandizira: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Brunei, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Croatia, Côte D'Ivoire, Egypt, Eswatini, Georgia, Germany, Haiti, India, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Montenegro, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Zambia,
Osaina: Bolivia, Cuba, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Greece, Indonesia, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Morocco, Norway, Peru, Togo, Türkiye, United States of America
Mawu Oyamba:
Kuzindikira kufunikira kobwezeretsanso zinthu zakale zachikhalidwe,
Wachita mantha ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zimagulitsidwa,
Wodziwa za udindo womwe mayiko oyandikana nawo omwe akuzunzidwa ali nawo poteteza zinthu,
Kuvomereza dongosolo lodziwira umwini wa zinthu,
Kuvomereza kufunika koteteza chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi malo ofukula zinthu zakale,
Kuzindikira kufunikira koteteza cholowa cha chikhalidwe ndi kufunika kwa zinthu zakale,
Zabwino kuphunzitsa anthu za chikhalidwe,
Adamant za kubweza katundu wogulitsidwa mosaloledwa,
1. Kukhazikitsa mabungwe atsopano apadziko lonse lapansi omwe ali pansi pa UNESCO;
a. Amakhazikitsa Bungwe la FOCUS;
ndi. Kuyika patsogolo mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko ndikuthandizira mgwirizano wamtendere;
ii. Kukonzekera khama la komiti;
iii. Kuchita ngati mkhalapakati wosalowerera ndale pakati pa mayiko omwe ali mamembala;
iv. Kulankhulana ndi museums mwachindunji;
v. Kuitana mabungwe odziyimira pawokha omwe ali ndi mphamvu monga International Council Of Museums (ICOM) ndi INTERPOL;
vi. Kupititsa patsogolo kufikira kwa mapulogalamu apano monga Red Lists ndi Lost Art Database;
vii. Kupanga nthambi mkati mwa bungwe lalikulu kuti athane ndi zovuta zina;
b. Kukhazikitsa Artifact Rescue Corps for Heritage (ARCH) pofuna kuteteza ndi kupulumutsa zinthu zachikhalidwe ku malonda oletsedwa, pamodzi ndi kukonzanso kwawo;
ndi. Kuyang'aniridwa ndi mamembala a UNESCO, INTERPOL, ndi United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC);
ii. Kulamuliridwa m'madera kudzera m'mabodi apadera olamulidwa ndi UN kuti awonetsere bwino chikhalidwe;
iii. Mamembala amalandira chipukuta misozi ndi kuzindikiridwa chifukwa cha zopereka zazikulu pakubwezeretsa ndi kubwezeretsa zinthu zakale;
iv. Odzipereka atha kulembetsa kuti alandire maphunziro ofunikira pa intaneti, zomwe zimathandizira magulu odzipereka ofikira ambiri;
1. Anaphunzitsidwa mu pulogalamu ya yunivesite yapafupi yokhazikitsidwa pansi pa Ndime 5
2. Mayiko omwe alibe intaneti, kapena omwe akuvutikira kuti nzika zilembetse pa intaneti, zitha kutsatsa pamasom'pamaso pamaofesi aboma, malo azikhalidwe, ndi zina zotero;
c. Amapanga komiti yachiweruzo kuti ilembe malangizo okhudza mmene mayiko angatsutsire zigawenga zimene zimaba kapena kuwononga katundu wa chikhalidwe chawo;
ndi. Kukumana zaka 2 zilizonse;
ii. Opangidwa ndi mayiko omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi otetezeka omwe angakhale oyenera kupereka uphungu pa nkhani zachitetezo zoterozo;
iii. Chitetezo chidzatsimikiziridwa pansi pa Global Peace Index yaposachedwa kwambiri, ndikuganizira mbiri ya milandu;
1. Kulankhulana ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale mwachindunji;
2. Kuitana mabungwe odziyimira pawokha omwe ali ndi udindo, monga International Council Of Museums (ICOM) ndi INTERPOL;
3. Kupititsa patsogolo kufikira kwa mapulogalamu apano monga Red Lists ndi Lost Art Database;
2. Amapanga magwero a ndalama ndi zothandizira kuthandizira mayiko pakuchita izi;
a. Kukhazikitsa zida zomwe zimagwira ntchito yophunzitsa ndi kulimbikitsa akuluakulu azamalamulo kuti atseke zinthu zogulitsidwa;
ndi. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira za UNESCO kuti apatse mphamvu mabungwe azamalamulo ndi akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kuti ateteze malire a mayiko ku kusamutsa zinthu mosaloledwa;
1. Kulembetsa akatswiri atatu a bungwe la UN Security Council ku dziko lililonse lomwe lili m'malire ake ndikupanga magulu ogwira ntchito omwe amagwirizanitsa maiko kuti athetse ntchito zodutsa malire;
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kuchokera kwa akuluakulu pa malo a chikhalidwe ndi chidziwitso chowonjezeka cha mbiri yakale ndi kusungidwa kwa zinthu;
3. Kufuna kuti akuluakulu azamalamulo aziphunzitsidwa molingana ndi kusiyanasiyana kuti awonetsetse kuti akuchitira anthu onse ulemu ndi kusakondera;
ii. Kupanga machitidwe kuti apereke malamulo ku malo azikhalidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo choletsa kubedwa kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe;
1. Kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha mtengo wa zinthu zachikhalidwe, malo, komanso mbiri yakuba zinthu kuti apange machitidwe a AI;
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zozikidwa pa AI kuti atumize omvera malamulo m'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu;
3. Kulimbikitsa mayiko omwe ali mamembala kuti agawane zambiri za mbiri yakuba ndi malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chowonjezereka m'maiko;
iii. Kutsata kusuntha kapena kusamutsa zinthu zodziwika bwino za chikhalidwe kuchokera kumalo a chikhalidwe cha makolo;
1. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowonekera polemba zinthu zamtengo wapatali zachikhalidwe kuti azitsata kayendetsedwe kake ndikuchotsa zinthu zakale kapena zakunja kunja kwa dziko;
iv. Kugwira ntchito ndi UNODC kuti mupeze chithandizo ndi kufufuza zigawenga;
1. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochokera ku UNESCO ndi UNODC kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri;
2. Kuyanjana ndi UNODC kuti athandize kuthana ndi nkhawa yokhudzana ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kugulitsa zinthu zakale;
3. Kulimbikitsa bungwe la UNESCO kuti ligawanenso ndalama zogwirira ntchito yophunzitsa anthu amderali omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi derali;
b. Kugawanso ndalama kuchokera ku mapulojekiti omwe analipo kale a UNESCO omwe adakula kukhala opereka ndalama opanda pake komanso odziyimira pawokha;
c. Kupanga Global Fund for Preservation of Cultural History (GFPCH);
ndi. Mbali ina ya bajeti ya chaka ndi chaka ya UNESCO ya madola 1.5 biliyoni idzaperekedwa pamodzi ndi zopereka zaufulu zochokera kumayiko amodzi;
d. Kukhala ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale odziwika padziko lonse lapansi ndi mabungwe aluso omwe amalipiridwa ndi mizinda yawo kapena mayiko kuti apereke ndalama zopezeka ndi zokopa alendo ku thumba la UNESCO lobwezeretsa zinthu zachikhalidwe;
e. Kufuna chiphaso cha UNESCO chovomerezeka kwa oyang'anira museum;
ndi. Imachepetsa katangale mkati mwa nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zomwe zimakulitsa luso logulitsa zinthu zoterezi kuti apeze phindu;
f. Kupereka ndalama zowunikira kumbuyo;
ndi. Zolemba za Provenance (zolemba zofotokoza mbiri yakale, nthawi, ndi kufunikira kwa zojambulajambula kapena zojambula) zitha kupangidwa mosavuta ndi ogulitsa msika wakuda omwe akufuna kuwonjezera phindu lawo koma kuchepetsa kukayikira kwawo;
ii. Kuyang'ana kumbuyo kwabwino ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa zikalata zabodza;
1. Kugawa ndalama zothandizira kukonza / kupanga malo osungiramo zinthu zosungiramo zinthu zakale kumayiko omwe adabedwa zinthu zachikhalidwe kuti zitsimikizire kuti njira zotetezera ndi chitetezo zili ndi mwayi wowonjezereka wopewa kuwonongeka kapena kuba kwa zinthuzo;
g. Kupanga gulu la akatswiri olemekezeka a zaluso/myuziyamu kapena oyang'anira omwe angasankhe zinthu zofunika kuziyika patsogolo pakugula / kuzibwezera;
3. Kukhazikitsa malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana;
a. Iloleza bungwe la Criminal International Accountability Operation (CIAO) kuti lithane ndi kuzembetsa zikhalidwe zapadziko lonse lapansi kudzera mu zilango zokhwima zotsutsana ndi umbanda;
ndi. Bungweli lidzakhala ndi anthu opanda tsankho komanso otetezeka ochokera kumayiko ena;
1. Chitetezo ndi kusakondera zidzatanthauzidwa ndi Global Peace Index komanso zochitika zamalamulo ndi zaposachedwa;
ii. Bungweli limakumana kawiri pachaka;
b. Amalimbikitsa malamulo odana ndi umbanda kuti mayiko azitsatira pakufuna kwawo;
ndi. Zingaphatikizepo zilango zokhwima m'ndende;
1. Analimbikitsa zaka zosachepera 8, ndi chindapusa choyenera kuti chiweruzidwe ndi mayiko;
ii. Mayiko amatsatira malangizowo pakufuna kwawo;
c. Ikugogomezera kuyesetsa kwa apolisi amitundu yosiyanasiyana kudutsa malire kuti azitsata ozembetsa ndikulankhulana wina ndi mnzake;
d. Amakhazikitsa nkhokwe yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso yofikirika ya malo ozembetsa omwe apolisi amatha kuwatsata;
e. Amalemba ntchito akatswiri ofufuza za data ochokera kumayiko ofunitsitsa kuti azindikire njira zamayendedwe;
f. Kuteteza ufulu wa mayiko ku zofukulidwa zakale;
ndi. Kupereka ufulu kwa zofukulidwa m'mabwinja kudziko limene akupezeka m'malo mwa kampani yomwe imapereka ntchito;
ii. Maphunziro apadera monga ma protocol kwa omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo okumba;
g. Imalimbikitsa mabungwe ofukula zinthu zakale m'madera onse;
ndi. Kupititsa patsogolo ndalama zothandizira mabungwe ofukula zinthu zakale pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama za UNESCO komanso kulimbikitsa ndalama zamagulu kapena mayiko;
h. Amalimbikitsa mgwirizano wodutsa malire ndikugawana zambiri zokhudzana ndi kudziwa kapena komwe kuli zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zabedwa komanso kugwirizana nazo kuti zibwezeretsedwe;
ndi. Amapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka kwa UNESCO Heritage Sites ndikuletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwina kulikonse ndi kuchotsa zinthu zakale kuchokera kwa iwo;
ii. Imakhazikitsa komiti yomwe imayang'anira malowa ndi chikhalidwe chawo, motero amawathandiza kukonza njira zotetezera;
iii. Amakhazikitsa zopangira zofufuzira kuzungulira malowa kuti athandizire kuphunzira mopitilira muyeso ndikupereka chitetezo chowonjezera pamasamba;
j. Kupititsa patsogolo mauthenga otetezeka kwa ofufuza ndi chitetezo;
ndi. Amapanga njira zatsopano zoyankhulirana zotumizira uthenga wofunikira;
ii. Imapangitsa kuti nkhokwe zomwe zilipo kale kuti zitheke kumadera onse ndi mayiko;
k. Kulimbikitsa malamulo adziko ndi kutsatiridwa kwa zilango zokhwima kwa ozembetsa kuti athane ndi malonda osaloledwa;
l. Kuyitanira bungwe la Compromise Across Nations (CAN) lomwe limathandiza kudziwa umwini wa zinthu zachikhalidwe;
ndi. Bungweli limapangidwa ndi oimira ochokera kumayiko onse omwe amanyadira chikhalidwe chawo ndipo adzasinthidwa komanso kupeza malingaliro kuchokera kwa mamembala a UNESCO ndi makhonsolo a chikhalidwe chachigawo;
ii. Dziko lililonse litha kufunsira umwini wa zinthu zakale kudzera mu bolodi;
1. Kuunikanso za kufunikira kwa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe kudzachitika kudzera m'mabodi a akatswiri ndi UNESCO kuti adziwe komwe angayikidwe bwino;
2. Kukula kwa chitetezo choperekedwa ndi mayiko kudzaganiziridwa posankha umwini;
a. Zomwe zikuphatikizidwa koma zosachepera: ndalama zothandizira kuteteza zinthu, momwe mikangano ikuchitika mkati mwa mayiko ovomereza ndi kupereka, ndi njira / malo enieni otetezera zinthu zomwe;
iii. Adapanga njira yapadziko lonse lapansi ya "Sink or Swim" yopangidwa ndi Iraq, kulola mayiko omwe ali ndi zinthu zakale kukhala ndi mgwirizano wosinthana ndi mayiko ena kuti apititse patsogolo maphunziro azikhalidwe ndi zosiyanasiyana pazowonetsera zakale zapagulu;
1. Kusinthana kungakhale kudzera muzinthu zakuthupi, chidziwitso, ndalama, ndi zina zotero;
a. Limbikitsani zokopa alendo m'maiko omwe atha kubwereketsa zinthu zakale kuchokera kumayiko ena kuti agawire 10% ya ndalama zomwe amapeza pachaka kumalo osungiramo zakale kuzinthu zakale zomwe zabwezedwa;
b. Perekani ndalama zina kwa amitundu malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zawo zakale zomwe zilipo;
2. Izi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa maphunziro okha osati kusinthidwa;
m. Imakhazikitsa dongosolo lamisonkho (TPOSA) loperekedwa ku ndalama zachikhalidwe za UNESCO, zoyendetsedwa ndi WTO ndi INTERPOL pakugulitsa kwapadziko lonse kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zakale;
ndi. Kukanika kutsatira dongosololi monga momwe zazindikirira ndi kafukufuku wa anthu kapena mabungwe ofufuza za WTO kungapangitse kuti munthu kapena bungweli liyimbidwe milandu yapadziko lonse lapansi pamaso pa ICJ, ndikuwonjezedwa milandu yogulitsa katundu wachikhalidwe komanso kuzembetsa limodzi ndi milandu ina iliyonse yokhudzana ndi chinyengo;
ii. Misonkho ya misonkho ingasiyane malingana ndi mitengo ya kusinthanitsa ndi PPP pakati pa mayiko oyenerera, koma maziko a 16% angavomerezedwe, kuti asinthe momwe akuwonekera pamlingo woyenera ndi World Trade Organization;
iii. Anthu opezeka olakwa pophwanya malamulo a TPOSA adzayankha mlandu woperekedwa m'dziko lawo, koma kutsimikiziridwa ndi mayiko onse monga momwe ICJ yatsimikizira;
4. Imathandiza kuyesetsa kubwezeretsa zinthu zakale zomwe zabedwa;
a. Amalemba ntchito oyang'anira nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi akatswiri ofufuza zakale kuti azidutsa m'ziwonetsero zomwe zilipo kale kuti ayang'ane zinthu zakale kuti apeze zizindikiro za kupha nyama popanda chilolezo;
ndi. Itha kuthandizidwa ndi pulogalamu ya Germany ya NEXUD AI yomwe ingapezeke padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ili kale ndalama / ikuyendetsa Kukonzanso mapulogalamu a AI omwe alipo ku Mexico ozembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo;
b. Imalimbikitsa nsanja zapadziko lonse lapansi zokambilana zokhuza kubweza;
ndi. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zakale za UNESCO zothandizira kuyang'anira kubwerera kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe;
1. Ntchito zobwezeretsa zakale kudzera ku India;
2. Mu 2019, Afghanistan idabweza zojambulajambula 170 ndikubwezeretsanso zojambulajambula mothandizidwa ndi ICOM;
ii. Imakulitsa zokambirana zachindunji ndi omwe ali m'dziko lazinthu zakale zachikhalidwe ndikuzisintha kukhala nsanja yapadziko lonse lapansi kuti athane ndi zovuta zobwezera;
iii. Kulemba ntchito ndondomeko zomwe zinalipo kale za msonkhano wa 1970 pa njira zoletsa ndi kuletsa kutumiza kunja kosaloledwa ndi kusamutsa umwini wa katundu wa chikhalidwe ndi kuziyika kuzinthu zakale zomwe zinachotsedwa kale;
iv. Amagwiritsa ntchito kulanda ndi kubwezera ndime ya msonkhano wa 1970 kuti atsimikizire kubweza kotetezeka kwa zinthu zomwe zidagulitsidwa 1970 isanachitike komanso itatha;
c. Amapanga muyezo wokhazikitsidwa wobwerera kwawo;
ndi. Kulimbikitsa zisankho zochokera ku msonkhano wa ku Hague wa 1970 womwe umaletsa kuba panthawi ya nkhondo, kupititsa patsogolo chilango ngati sichitsatiridwa;
ii. Kuvomereza chisalungamo chapadziko lonse cha utsamunda ndikukhazikitsa njira yomwe, ikatengedwa mosasamala, iyenera kubwezeredwa kudziko lomwe adachokera;
iii. Kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la kuba kosavuta mofanana ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zatengedwa mosaloledwa, kuchititsa anthu ozembetsa mlandu chifukwa chakuba zaluso zachikhalidwe ndi zachikhalidwe, kukopera kovomerezeka komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi zomwe zidabedwa zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zifike ku malo ogulitsira amitundu ndi masitolo amanja kumayiko akumadzulo;
d. Kugwiritsa ntchito Bungwe la UNESCO International Council of Museums kuyang'anira kubwezeretsa;
ndi. Kutsatira zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu za ICOM, momwe zinthu zopitilira 17000 zidabwezedwa pamachitidwe ozembetsa osaloledwa ndikubwezeretsedwa;
e. Amakhazikitsa chiwonetsero cha mayeso a UNESCO cha zinthu zakale zochokera kudziko lawo loyambirira, kulimbikitsa kubweza kwa zinthuzo kuti malo osungiramo zinthu zakale azitha kupeza chiphaso cha UNESCO chovomerezeka;
5. Kufotokozera za kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo la maphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi lomwe lingakhale bwino
kuphunzitsa anthu za kufunika kosunga zinthu zimenezi;
a. Lingaliro ili likugwira ntchito yopititsa patsogolo maphunziro a ophunzira ndi akuluakulu ogwira ntchito za boma;
ndi. Ndi ophunzira, UNESCO idzagwirizana ndi mayunivesite kapena mabungwe kuti apewe kutaya ubongo ndikubweretsa maphunziro apamwamba ku LDCs;
1. Mitu ya maphunziro idzaphatikizapo kufunikira kwa zinthu za chikhalidwe, malamulo a nzeru, malamulo a chikhalidwe, ndi mapangano a malonda;
ii. Mapulofesa akuyunivesite / anthu odziwa bwino maphunziro adzalandira ulemu komanso / kapena kulipidwa chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zawo;
iii. Ogwira ntchito za boma ndi akuluakulu a malamulo adzalandira zofunikira zowonjezera za maphunziro asanayambe ntchito yokhudzana ndi malonda a chikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka "malo ofiira" kapena madera omwe ntchitoyi ndi yotchuka;
1. Uku ndi kupewa ziphuphu ndi ziphuphu pamlingo wapamwamba;
2. Mphotho yandalama idzaperekedwanso pazochitika zachikhalidwe zomwe zikuyenda bwino kuti zipereke chilimbikitso;
3. Zotsatira zamphamvu kapena zovuta zalamulo zidzakhazikitsidwa pogwira ntchito ndi LEGAL ndi INTERPOL;
iv. Magawo ang'onoang'ono adzapangidwa pansi pa chigamulochi potengera malo (kuwonetsetsa kuti dziko lililonse lilandira chisamaliro chofanana ndi zothandizira kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto awo);
1. Magawowa adzakhala akugwira zigawo zina zokhazikitsidwa ndi UNESCO zomwe zidzathandize kubwezeretsa zinthu izi;
2. Maiko osatukuka adzakhala ndi mwayi wolandira thandizo ndi zothandizira zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi UNESCO ndi mayiko omwe kale anali atsamunda;
b. Magulu odzipereka ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma omwe akugwira ntchito apanga zida zophunzitsira;
ndi. Zipangizo zamaphunziro zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa anthu za zinthu zakale zomwe zimaperekedwa kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale;
1. Izi zitha kuchitika ngati zizindikilo, makanema, kapena maulendo otsogozedwa ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi maulamuliro ake;
ii. Zinthu zamaphunziro zidzatsimikiziridwa ndi UNESCO ndi mayiko omwe akugwira ntchito;
6. Amazindikira kufunikira kwa chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe ndi cholowa, komanso zomwe zimakhudza chikhalidwe champhamvu poteteza zinthu zachikhalidwe;
a. Kuyitanira kuti pakhale msonkhano wochitidwa ndi UNESCO womwe umabweretsa zinthu zakale zabedwa;
ndi. Kukumbutsa kuti zinthu zambiri zabedwa zachikhalidwe zili m'mabungwe aboma ndi apadera, ndipo zimawonetsedwa kwa anthu;
ii. Kugogomezera kuti palibe udindo walamulo kuti bungwe liwonetsere zinthu zawo zakale komanso kuti m'malo mwake pali udindo wamphamvu wochitira zimenezo;
iii. Kulimbikitsa ndalama zothandizira msonkhanowu kuti ziperekedwe ndi opereka ndalama ndi akatswiri ogwira ntchito zamakampani omwe panopa amapereka ndalama ku mabungwe omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe;
iv. Kuvomereza kuti mayiko amphamvu omwe amakweza zinthuzi nthawi zonse akuyang'ana kuti apange maubwenzi ndi mayiko ang'onoang'ono komanso opanda mphamvu, makamaka mayiko omwe adakumana ndi chikoloni (maikowa akhoza kutenga nawo mbali pamsonkhano wa UNESCO kuti achite zimenezo);
v. Kutsindika kuti msonkhano ukatha, chikhalidwecho chikhoza kubwezeredwa ku dziko lakwawo;
vi. Kukumbutsa kuti msonkhano uwu ndi wongodzipereka, komanso kuti ndi njira yotsimikizirika yobwezera zinthu zambiri zachikhalidwe kudera la fuko lawo;
b. Gwiritsani ntchito pulojekiti ya UNESCO ya #Unite4Heritage kuti muthandizire kumiza zomwe zimalimbikitsa kukwezeleza ndi zopereka pazifukwa izi;
ndi. Kuyankhulana ndi njira zogwira mtima pogwiritsa ntchito makampeni ochezera a pa Intaneti kudzera muzochitika zomwe zikuchitika kwanuko komanso padziko lonse lapansi;
ii. Kukulitsa pa msonkhano womwe udachitikira mu 1970's kuti asonkhanitse malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi akuzembera ndikuganizira zomwe zikuchitika pano kuti apange chiganizo chosinthidwa chokonzekera kutayika kwa chikhalidwe;
c. Kuzindikira kufunika kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe kudziko lawo ndi mbiri yawo ndikuletsa kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa poyesa kubwezanso;
ndi. Kuvomereza kukhudzidwa kwa anthu ena m'deralo ndi kulanda zinthu zakale zachikhalidwe;
ii. Kulemekeza malamulo achigawo oteteza chikhalidwe chachilendo mkati mwazopereka zaboma kapena zapadera.
Mavuto
Kodi Crisis ndi chiyani?
Mavuto makomiti ndi apamwamba kwambiri, ang'onoang'ono, othamanga kwambiri a komiti ya Model UN yomwe imatsanzira njira yopangira zisankho zofulumira za bungwe linalake. Zitha kukhala zakale, zamakono, zopeka, kapena zamtsogolo. Zitsanzo zina za makomiti a Crisis ndi United States Presidential Cabinet on Cuban Missile Crisis, United Nations Security Council poyankha chiwopsezo cha nyukiliya, apocalypse ya zombie, kapena madera akumlengalenga. Makomiti ambiri a Crisis nawonso amazikidwa pa mabuku ndi mafilimu. Mosiyana ndi mayankho anthawi yayitali omwe komiti ya Msonkhano Waukulu imayang'ana, makomiti azovuta amawunikira mayankho achangu komanso mayankho anthawi yayitali. Makomiti azovuta amalangizidwa kwa nthumwi zomwe zachita kale komiti ya General Assembly. Makomiti azovuta atha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi osiyanasiyana, omwe aliyense afotokoze mwatsatanetsatane pansipa:
1. Kukonzekera
2. Udindo
3. Kutsogolo
4. Kumbuyo
Komiti yokhazikika ya Crisis imadziwika kuti a Vuto Limodzi, zomwe zafotokozedwa mu bukhuli. A Komiti Yophatikiza Mavuto ndi makomiti awiri osiyana a Crisis omwe ali ndi mbali zotsutsana pa nkhani imodzi. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi chingakhale United States of America ndi Soviet Union panthaŵi ya Cold War. An Komiti ya Ad-Hoc ndi mtundu wa komiti ya Crisis yomwe nthumwi sizidziwa mutu wawo mpaka tsiku la msonkhano. Makomiti a Ad-hoc ndiwotsogola kwambiri ndipo amangoperekedwa kwa nthumwi zodziwa zambiri.
Kukonzekera
Chilichonse chofunikira pokonzekera komiti ya General Assembly chiyeneranso kukonzekera komiti ya Crisis. Zokonzekera zilizonse zomwe zafotokozedwa mu bukhuli zikuyenera kukhala zowonjezera pokonzekera komiti ya Msonkhano Waukulu ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya makomiti a Crisis.
Kwa makomiti a Crisis, misonkhano yambiri imafuna nthumwi kuti zipereke pepala loyera (pepala lovomerezeka la General Assembly) ndi pepala lakuda pa mutu uliwonse. Mapepala akuda ndi mapepala afupiafupi omwe amafotokoza udindo wa nthumwi ndi udindo wake mu komiti ya Crisis, kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili, zolinga, ndi zomwe akufuna kuchita poyamba. Mapepala akuda amatsimikizira kuti nthumwi zakonzekera kufulumira kwa makomiti a Crisis ndikukhala ndi chidziwitso champhamvu cha udindo wawo. Mapepala akuda akuyenera kufotokoza zavuto lomwe nthumwi yake ikufuna (yowonjezera pansipa), koma isakhale yachindunji kwambiri - sikuloledwa kulemba zolemba zovuta (zowonjezera pansipa) patsogolo pa komiti. Njira yabwino yosiyanitsira mapepala oyera ndi akuda ndikukumbukira kuti mapepala oyera ndi omwe nthumwi angalole kuti aliyense adziwe, pamene mapepala akuda ndi omwe nthumwi angafune kubisala kwa anthu onse.
Udindo
Mu komiti yamavuto, nthumwi zimayimira anthu payekhapayekha m'malo mwa mayiko. Mwachitsanzo, nthumwi ikhoza kukhala Mlembi wa Zamagetsi mu nduna ya Purezidenti kapena Purezidenti wa kampani mu Board of Directors. Chotsatira chake n’chakuti nthumwi zizikhala zokonzeka kuimira maganizo a munthu aliyense payekha, zikhalidwe zawo, ndi zochita zake, osati mfundo za gulu lalikulu kapena dziko. Kuphatikiza apo, nthumwi zimakhala ndi a mbiri ya mphamvu, gulu la mphamvu ndi mphamvu zomwe angagwiritse ntchito chifukwa cha udindo wa munthu yemwe akumuimira. Mwachitsanzo, mkulu wa akazitape akhoza kukhala ndi mwayi woti aziyang'anira ndipo mkulu wa asilikali akhoza kulamula asilikali. Nthumwi zimalimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzi mu komiti yonse.
Frontroom
Mu komiti ya Msonkhano Waukulu, nthumwi zimathera komiti ikugwira ntchito pamodzi, kukambirana, ndi kugwirizana kuti alembe chigamulo kuti athetse vuto. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatenga nthawi yayitali. Komabe, makomiti a Crisis ali ndi malangizo m'malo mwake. A malangizo ndi pepala lachidule lachidule lokhala ndi mayankho anthawi yochepa olembedwa ndi magulu a nthumwi poyankha vuto. Kapangidwe kake ndi kofanana ndi kapepala koyera (onani Momwe Mungalembere Pepala Loyera) ndipo kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi mayankho okha. Malangizo alibe ziganizo zoyambira chifukwa mfundo yake ndi yaifupi komanso yolunjika. Gawo la komiti yomwe ili ndi ma caucuses owongolera, ma caucus osayendetsedwa, ndi malangizo omwe amadziwika kuti ndi kutsogolo.
Chipinda chakumbuyo
Makomiti a Crisis alinso ndi chipinda chakumbuyo, chomwe ndi gawo lakuseri kwa zochitika za kuyerekezera kwa Crisis. Chipinda chakumbuyo chilipo kuti mulandire zovuta zolemba kuchokera kwa nthumwi (zolemba zachinsinsi zimatumizidwa ku mipando yakumbuyo kuti achitepo kanthu mwachinsinsi pazokambirana zaumwini). Zina mwazifukwa zomwe nthumwi zimatumizira uthenga wavuto ndizofuna kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zawo, kuvulaza nthumwi yotsutsa, kapena kuphunzira zambiri za chochitika chomwe chili ndi zina zobisika. Zolemba pazovuta ziyenera kukhala zachindunji momwe zingathere ndipo zifotokoze zolinga ndi mapulani a nthumwi. Ayeneranso kuphatikiza TLDR. Nthawi zambiri ndizoletsedwa kulemba zolemba zovuta patsogolo pa komiti.
Wa nthumwi Mavuto arc ndi nkhani zawo zanthawi yayitali, nkhani zomwe zikuyenda bwino, ndi mapulani anzeru omwe nthumwi amapanga kudzera muzovuta. Zimaphatikizapo zochitika zakumbuyo, machitidwe akutsogolo, ndi zochita ndi nthumwi zina. Itha kupitilira komiti yonse - kuyambira pavuto loyamba mpaka lamulo lomaliza.
Ogwira ntchito m'chipinda cham'mbuyo amapereka nthawi zonse Zosintha zamavuto kutengera zomwe akufuna, zolemba zamavuto za nthumwi, kapena zochitika mwachisawawa zomwe zingachitike. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani ya Crisis ikhoza kukhala nkhani yotulutsidwa yokhudza zomwe nthumwi inachita m'chipinda chakumbuyo. Chitsanzo china cha zosintha za Crisis zitha kukhala kupha, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabwera chifukwa nthumwi ikuyesera kuchotsa kutsutsa kwawo kumbuyo. Pamene nthumwi yaphedwa, imalandira udindo watsopano ndikupitiriza komiti.
Zosiyanasiyana
Makomiti apadera ndi mabungwe oyerekeza omwe amasiyana ndi komiti yachikhalidwe ya General Assembly kapena Crisis committee m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Izi zingaphatikizepo makomiti a mbiri yakale (okhazikitsidwa mu nthawi yeniyeni), mabungwe amadera (monga African Union kapena European Union), kapena makomiti amtsogolo (otengera mabuku opeka, mafilimu, kapena malingaliro). Makomiti apaderawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, magulu ang'onoang'ono a nthumwi, ndi mitu yapadera. Kusiyana kwapadera kwa komiti kungapezeke mu kalozera wakumbuyo wa komiti patsamba la msonkhano.
Malangizo achinsinsi ndi malangizo amene kagulu kakang’ono ka nthumwi kamagwira ntchito payekha. Malangizowa amakhala ndi zochita zomwe nthumwi zimafuna kuchita pazotsatira zawo. Zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsogozo zachinsinsi ndi ukazitape, mayendedwe ankhondo, zokopa, ndi zochita za m'boma. Malangizo achinsinsi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe nthumwi zingapo zimatha kugwirira ntchito, kulola kulumikizana ndi mgwirizano zomwe zimathandiza nthumwi iliyonse kupanga nkhani yakeyake.
Ulemu ndi Makhalidwe
M’pofunika kulemekeza nthumwi zina, bwalo, ndi msonkhano wonse. Kuyesayesa kwakukulu kumayikidwa pakupanga ndi kuyendetsa msonkhano uliwonse wa Model UN, kotero nthumwi ziyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri pa ntchito yawo ndikuthandizira komiti monga momwe angathere.
Kafotokozedwe ka mawu
● Komiti ya Ad-Hoc: Mtundu wa komiti ya Crisis yomwe nthumwi sizidziwa mutu wawo mpaka tsiku la msonkhano.
● Kupha: Kuchotsedwa kwa nthumwi ina mu komiti, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti nthumwi yochotsedwayo ikhale ndi udindo watsopano.
● Chipinda chakumbuyo: Zomwe zili kumbuyo kwazithunzi za kayesedwe ka Crisis.
● Mavuto: Mtundu wotsogola kwambiri, wothamanga kwambiri wa komiti ya Model UN yomwe imatsanzira njira yopangira zisankho mwachangu pagulu linalake.
● Crisis Arc: Nkhani zanthawi yayitali za nthumwi, nkhani zomwe zikuyenda bwino, ndi dongosolo lomwe nthumwi imapanga kudzera muzovuta.
● Ndemanga Zavuto: Zolemba zachinsinsi zotumizidwa ku mipando yakumbuyo kukapempha kuti achitepo kanthu mwachinsinsi pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga za nthumwiyo.
● Kusintha Kwamavuto: Zochitika mwachisawawa, zokopa zomwe zitha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse komanso zimakhudza ambiri mwa nthumwi.
● Malangizo: Pepala lachidule lachidule lokhala ndi mayankho osakhalitsa olembedwa ndi magulu a nthumwi poyankha kusinthidwa kwa Crisis.
● Pakhomo: Gawo la komiti lomwe lili ndi ma caucus owongolera, ma caucus osayang'aniridwa, ndi malangizo.
● Komiti Yophatikiza Mavuto: Makomiti awiri osiyana a Crisis omwe ali ndi mbali zotsutsana pa nkhani yomweyo.
● Portfolio of Powers: Gulu la mphamvu ndi luso lomwe nthumwi angagwiritse ntchito potengera udindo wa munthu yemwe akumuyimira.
● Malangizo Achinsinsi: Malangizo amene gulu laling'ono la nthumwi limagwirira ntchito mwamseri kuti athandize nthumwi iliyonse kupanga nkhani yakeyake.
● Vuto Limodzi: Komiti ya Crisis Standard.
● Makomiti Apadera: Mabungwe oyerekeza omwe amasiyana ndi makomiti a General Assembly kapena Crisis munjira zosiyanasiyana.
Chitsanzo Black Paper
JCC: Nkhondo ya Nigerian-Biafra: Biafra
Louis Mbanefo
Black Paper
James Smith
American High School
Kuwonjezera pa ntchito yanga yofunika kwambiri yopititsa patsogolo kufunitsitsa kwa Biafra kukhala boma, ndikufuna kukwera kukhala pulezidenti wa dziko lathu, masomphenya amene analimbikitsidwa ndi kukambitsirana kwanga kodziwa bwino ndi United States of America. Ngakhale ndikulimbikira kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa Biafra, ndikudziwa kufunikira kwa thandizo lakunja kuti tilimbikitse njira yathu yopita kudziko, ndikundikakamiza kuti ndigwirizane ndi zokonda zaku America mderali. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, ndikuona kuti ndikhazikitse bungwe lamphamvu kuti liziyang'anira mafuta a Biafra, pogwiritsa ntchito chuma chomwe ndinapeza chifukwa cha ntchito yanga yazamalamulo yomwe yandipindulitsa. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zanga pa makhothi a Biafra, ndikufuna kulamulira ufulu wakubowola, kuonetsetsa kuti ziwongola dzanja zilizonse zoperekedwa ku mabungwe ena zimawonedwa ngati zosemphana ndi malamulo kudzera m'njira zoweruza. Pogwiritsa ntchito chikoka changa munthambi ya malamulo a Biafra, ndikufuna kupeza chithandizo chambiri pabizinesi yanga, potero ndikukakamiza mabizinesi aku America oboola kuti azigwira ntchito pansi pake, potero ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ine ndi Biafra zikuyenda bwino. Pambuyo pake, ndikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe ndili nazo kuti ndithandizire ndale za ku America, kulimbikitsa chithandizo osati ku Biafra kokha komanso pazochita zanga zamakampani. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikuyembekeza kugwiritsa ntchito chuma changa kuti ndipeze makampani odziwika azama media aku America, potero ndikupanga malingaliro a anthu ndikufalitsa mochenjera lingaliro la kusokoneza kwa Soviet ku Nigeria, potero ndikukulitsa thandizo la America pazifukwa zathu. Nditalimbitsa thandizo la Amereka, ndikuwona kutengera chuma changa chodzikundikira ndi chikoka chokonzekera kuchotsa pulezidenti wa Biafra, Odumegwu Ojukwu, kenako.
kudziyika ndekha ngati woyimira pulezidenti wodalirika potengera malingaliro a anthu komanso ndale.
Chitsanzo Directive
Komiti: Ad-Hoc: nduna ya ku Ukraine
Udindo: Minister of Energy
● Zibwenzi nduna ya Zakunja yaku China pokambirana za kuyika ndalama m'magawo amphamvu ndi zomangamanga ku Ukraine,
○ Amakambirana thandizo lachi China lakumanganso zida za anthu wamba ndi ma gridi amagetsi,
○ Amayitanira Thandizo lachi China lothandizira anthu pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ubale pakati pa mayiko, komanso ngati chikoka chofuna kugwirizanitsa mabungwe aku China ku chuma cha Ukraine,
● Kulimbikitsa Makampani opanga mphamvu ndi zomangamanga aku China kuti atenge nawo gawo pagawo la mphamvu ndi zomangamanga ku Ukraine, komanso kuyika ndalama zogwirira ntchito zamagawo,
○ Amakambirana mapangano amphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndi makampani angapo amagetsi aku China, akugwira ntchito yokonzanso gawo lamagetsi lowonongeka la Ukraine,
■ China Yangtze Power Corporation,
■ Xinjiang Goldwind Science Technology Co. Ltd.,
■ JinkoSolar Holdings Co. Ltd.,
○ Zibwenzi Gawo lamafuta aku China popereka zotumiza kunja kwa gasi ndi mafuta, ndikuyika ndalama m'malo osungiramo gasi ndi mafuta aku Ukraine,
● Amatumiza woimira kazembe ku boma la People's Republic of China ndi cholinga chotsegula mauthenga aku China-Ukrainian polimbikitsa ndalama ndi thandizo,
● Mafomu Komiti ya nduna kuti ikambirane za ubale wa China ndi Chiyukireniya, ndikuwunika ndalama zaku China ndi thandizo lomwe limaperekedwa ku Ukraine ndi China,
○ Oyang'anira thandizo loperekedwa ku Ukraine, kuwonetsetsa kuti ndalama kapena kutenga nawo gawo kwa maboma kapena mabungwe azikhalidwe sizikhala zowawa, kapena kuwononga zofuna za dziko la Ukraine,
○ Zolinga kuthana ndi nkhawa kapena zilakolako za China m'derali, komanso kusunga zofuna za dziko la Ukraine mu ubale wapakati pa China ndi Ukraine,
● Othandizira kuti pakhale njira yolumikizirana pakati pa atsogoleri:
○ Khazikitsani mgwirizano wokhalitsa,
○ Sungani dziko lililonse lidziwitsidwa za zomwe zikuchitika,
● Amagwiritsira ntchito zolondola zanzeru zaku Ukraine pa Russia ndi United States kuti:
○ Kupambana mwayi wokambirana ndi China,
○ Limbitsani udindo wathu ndi China.
Chitsanzo Chavuto Note #1
Komiti: Komiti Yophatikiza Mavuto: Nkhondo ya Nigerian-Biafra: Biafra
Udindo: Louis Mbanefo
Kwa mkazi wanga wokongola,
Pa nthawiyi, cholinga changa ndicho kulamulira mphamvu za Nthambi Yoweruza. Kuti izi zitheke, ndidzagwiritsa ntchito chuma changa chatsopanocho kupereka ziphuphu kwa oweruza ambiri omwe ali paudindo. Ndikudziwa kuti sindidzadandaula kuti ndilibe ndalama zokwanira chifukwa $ 200,000 USD ndi ofunika kwambiri, makamaka mu 1960. Ngati woweruza aliyense asankha kukana, ndidzagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zanga pa Head Justice kuti ndiwakakamize kugonjera, ndikugwiritsanso ntchito mayanjano omwe ndinapeza kuchokera nthawi yanga yotumikira ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Kummawa. Izi zidzandipangitsa kuti ndipeze chithandizo m'nthambi ya malamulo. Kuti ndiwonjezere mphamvu zanga munthambi yachiweruzo, ndidzagwiritsa ntchito alonda anga kuopseza oweruza. Ndi izi, ndidzakhala ndi ulamuliro wonse wa nthambi yachiweruzo. Ngati mungathe kuchita izi, ndidzakhala woyamikira kwa inu nthawi zonse, wokondedwa wanga. Oweruza ochepa okha ndi amene ayenera kupatsidwa chiphuphu chifukwa ndi okhawo oweruza akuluakulu a Khoti Lalikulu, chifukwa ndi omwe amatha kutenga mlandu uliwonse kuchokera ku makhoti ang'onoang'ono ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zosokoneza chigamulo.
TLDR: Gwiritsani ntchito ndalama zomwe mwapeza kumene kuti mugule oweruza ndikugwiritsa ntchito omwe mumalumikizana nawo kuti mupeze thandizo kunthambi yamalamulo. Gwiritsani ntchito alonda kuopseza oweruza, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yanga panthambi yachiweruzo.
Zikomo kwambiri, wokondedwa. Ndikukhulupirira kuti muli ndi tsiku lodala.
Ndi chikondi,
Louis Mbanefo
Chitsanzo Chamavuto #2
Komiti: Mbadwa
Udindo: Victor Tremaine
Okondedwa Amayi, Amayi Opeza Oyipa
Ndimavutika kwambiri kuti ndizolowere ku Auradon prep, komabe ndadzipereka kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti anthu onse oyipa atha kukhala ndi moyo watsopano, ngakhale alakwa inu ndi anthu ena oyipa. Kuti izi zitheke, ndikuthokoza kwambiri chifukwa chamatsenga ang'onoang'ono omwe adandipatsa kuchokera mukukhala ndi ndodo ya Fairy Godmother ku Cinderella III, Twist in Time, yomwe idakupatsirani matsenga. Kuti ndithandizire kuwongolera momwe anthu amaonera ma VKs bwino, ndikufunika ndalama ndi chikoka. Kuti muchite izi, chonde fikirani mabungwe atatu akuluakulu ankhani ndi makanema, omwe akupereka
kuyankhulana kwapadera pazokhudza zomwe zidachitika pa Isle of the Lost, komanso momwe anthu oyipa alili pano. Poganizira momwe mbali iliyonse yasiyanirana ndi inzake, chidziwitsochi chingakhale chofunikira kwambiri kwa ofalitsa nkhani komanso osangalatsa kwa ngwazi zomwe zili ndi mantha chifukwa cha tsogolo lawo lokhudzana ndi zigawenga zomwe zidawazunza kale. Chonde kambiranani nawo, ndikupereka zoyankhulana zapadera posinthanitsa ndi 45% ya phindu, komanso kuwongolera zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'nkhani. Chonde auzeni kuti ngati avomereza, ndithanso kuyankhulana mwachindunji ndi oyimba, ndikupereka malingaliro ena pankhani zawo, zomwe sizinawonepo. Ndi izi, ndikhulupilira kuti nditha kusintha kaimidwe kanga pakati pa anthu aku Auradon.
Ndi chikondi,
Victor
Chitsanzo Chavuto Note #3
Komiti: Mbadwa
Udindo: Victor Tremaine
Wokondedwa Mayi,
Ndikumvetsetsa kutanganidwa kwanu ndi momwe zoipa ziyenera kulowetsedwa mu ndondomekoyi, koma ndikupemphani kuti mutengere nthawi yanu kuti muwonetsetse kuti HK isokoneza dongosolo lathu. Ndi ndalama zomwe ndapeza kuchokera ku zoyankhulana zanga, chonde ganyu gulu la alonda okhulupirika kwa ine ndi ma VK, ochokera kunja kwa Auradon (kuteteza maubwenzi ena aliwonse ku Auradon) kuti atsimikizire chitetezo changa ndi kupitiriza chikoka mkati mwa Auradon. Kuonjezera apo, chonde samalirani malo ogulitsa nkhani kumene zoyankhulana zanga zidawululidwa, pogwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera kwa mkonzi komwe kumafunidwa monga gawo la mawuwo, kuwonetsetsa kutsindika pa kukonzanso kwa ma VK, zopereka zawo ku Auradon, ndi zotsatira zoipa za ma HK pa moyo wa ma VK, ngakhale kuti VK yasinthidwa. Ndi izi, ndikuyembekeza kukweza chikoka cha ma VK mkati mwa Auradon ndikuwonetsetsa kuti akutenga nawo mbali mu Auradon prep. Amayi tipanga zoyipa posachedwa. Potsirizira pake tidzapangitsa a HK ndi ngwazi kuvutika chifukwa cha zomwe atitsutsa. Ndikungofunika thandizo lanu, ndiye dziko lidzakutsegulirani.
Ndi chikondi,
Victor Tremaine
Chitsanzo Chamavuto #4
Komiti: Mbadwa
Udindo: Victor Tremaine
Amayi,
Nthawi yafika. Pomaliza tidzakwaniritsa zolinga zathu zoipa. Ngakhale matsenga ali olumala mkati mwa Isle of the Lost, alchemy ndi potion kupanga sizigwirizana mwachindunji ndi matsenga, koma m'malo mwake.
mphamvu zoyambira zapadziko lapansi ndi mphamvu ya zosakaniza, kotero ziyenera kupezeka kwa anthu oyipa pa Isle of the Lost. Chonde gwiritsani ntchito maulalo anu ndi Mfumukazi Yoyipa mkati mwa Isle of the Lost kupempha kuti atulutse zida zitatu zachikondi, zomwe zingakhale zamphamvu kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe adakumana nazo pazamankhwala komanso kupanga potion mkati mwa nkhani yake. Chonde gwiritsani ntchito sukulu yolumikizana yomwe yangopangidwa kumene m'malire a Auradon ndi Isle of the Lost yomwe yafotokozedwa mu RISE kuti mukwaniritse kuzembetsa kumeneku. Ndikukonzekera kukhala ndi Fairy Godmother, pamodzi ndi utsogoleri wina wa Auradon wodetsedwa ndi mankhwala achikondi kotero kuti adzakanthidwa ndi kukongola kwanga, komanso pansi pa chikoka changa. Izi zichitika posachedwa amayi, ndiye ndikhulupilira kuti mwakhutitsidwa ndi zotsatira zake. Ndipereka zambiri pa dongosolo langa ndikangolandira yankho lanu.
Ndi chikondi ndi zoipa,
Victor
Chitsanzo Chamavuto #5
Komiti: Mbadwa
Udindo: Victor Tremaine
Amayi,
Nthawi yafika. Ndikupita kwa ntchito yathu ya RISE, chilumba chathu chogwirizana cha VK-HK chatha. Monga gawo lakutsegulira kwakukulu kwa sukulu yathu yophunzirira, ndikuzemberani nonse inu ndi Mfumukazi Yoyipa mutabisala ngati ndodo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kukhalapo kwathu mozemba. Kutsegulira kwakukulu kumeneku kudzakhala ndi phwando lalikulu ndi mpira, momwe utsogoleri wa ngwazi udzayitanidwa ndikupereka zoyankhulirana zolimbikitsa mgwirizano. The Fairy Godmother ndi atsogoleri ena a ngwazi adzapezekapo. Ndidzalangiza ophika pachilumbachi (oteteza thupi langa kuchokera ku Crisis Note #2 pobisala) kuti aike mankhwala achikondi mkati mwa chakudya chomwe amaperekedwa kwa atsogoleri atatu a ngwazi, ndikupangitsa kuti agwedezeke ndi kukongola kwanga kosayerekezeka. Ichi ndi sitepe yotsatira yopezera chikoka chathu chopitilira.
Ndikukhulupirira ndi izi, tili gawo limodzi loyandikira kukwaniritsa malingaliro athu oyipa.
Ndi chikondi ndi evvill,
Victor
Chitsanzo Chamavuto #6
Komiti: Mbadwa
Udindo: Victor Tremaine
Amayi,
Dongosolo lathu latsala pang'ono kutha. Kusuntha kwathu komaliza kudzakhala kugwiritsa ntchito chikoka chathu kudzera mu utsogoleri wa ngwazi kuti tichotse chotchinga chomwe chimalekanitsa zilumba ziwirizi kuti zitsimikizire kuphatikizidwa kwathunthu kwa magulu awiriwa. Kuti mukwaniritse izi, chonde tumizani kalata kwa Amayi a Mulungu ndi utsogoleri wa ngwazi, ndikupereka chikondi changa, ndi ubale wathunthu ndi utsogoleri wonse (wachikondi) posinthana ndi kuchotsa chotchinga. Chonde bisani zolinga zanga zenizeni monga kungofuna kugwirizanitsa okondedwa anga (mayi anga, anthu oipa, ndi utsogoleri, kuphatikizapo Amayi a Mulungu). Izi ziyenera kukhala zokwanira kukwaniritsa cholinga changa chochotsa chotchinga. Chonde pitilizani kulangiza alonda anga kuti asunge chitetezo changa patsogolo ndikundithandizanso kuchita zina. Ndikuyembekeza kukuwonani posachedwa.
Ndi chikondi chachikulu ndi zoyipa,
Victor
Mphotho
Mawu Oyamba
Nthumwi ikafika pamisonkhano ingapo ya Model UN, kulandira mphotho ndi gawo lotsatira panjira yoti akhale nthumwi yayikulu. Komabe, kuzindikira kofunikira kumeneku sikophweka kupeza, makamaka pamisonkhano yapadziko lonse yokhala ndi mazana a nthumwi mu komiti iliyonse! Mwamwayi, ndi khama lokwanira, njira zoyeserera ndi zoona zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa zimakulitsa mwayi wa nthumwi aliyense kuti alandire mphotho.
Nthawi Zonse
● Fufuzani ndikukonzekera momwe mungathere kutsogolera ku msonkhano; zambiri zakumbuyo sizimapweteka.
● Ikani khama pa ntchito zonse; bwalo likhoza kudziŵa khama limene nthumwi ikuchita pamsonkhanowo ndi kulemekeza amene akugwira ntchito molimbika.
● Khalani aulemu; bwaloli limayamikira nthumwi zaulemu.
● Khalani osasinthasintha; zingakhale zosavuta kutopa panthawi ya komiti, choncho onetsetsani kuti mukhale osasinthasintha ndikumenyana ndi kutopa kulikonse.
● Khalani mwatsatanetsatane komanso momveka bwino.
● Kuyang'ana m'maso, kaimidwe kabwino, ndi mawu otsimikiza nthawi zonse.
● Nthumwi iyenera lankhulani mwaukadaulo, komabe zikumveka ngati iwo eni.
● Nthumwi iyenera osadzitcha "Ine" kapena "ife", koma monga "gulu la ____".
● Fotokozani ndondomeko za malo molondola; Chitsanzo cha UN si malo ofotokozera maganizo awo.
Moderated Caucus
● Lowezani mawu oyamba kwa chiwonetsero champhamvu; onetsetsani kuti muphatikizepo kutsegula mwamphamvu, dzina la udindo, mawu omveka bwino a ndondomeko ya udindo, ndi mawu ogwira mtima.
● Nthumwi iyenera fotokozani zing'onozing'ono panthawi yolankhula.
● Lembani zolemba pa zokambirana; kukhala ndi chidziwitso chambiri pamalingaliro ena enieni kumayambiriro kwa msonkhano ndikofunikira kuti nthumwi zipambane.
● Nthumwi iyenera kwezani zikwangwani zawo nthawi zonse (pokhapokha atayankhula kale mu msonkhano wapakati).
● Nthumwi iyenera tumizani zolemba kwa nthumwi zina kuwauza kuti abwere kudzawapeza pamisonkhano yopanda malire; izi zimathandiza kuti nthumwi yofikira pampando iwoneke ngati mtsogoleri.
Caucus Yopanda malire
● Onetsani mgwirizano; the dais mwachangu kufunafuna atsogoleri ndi othandiza.
● Lankhulani ndi nthumwi zina ndi mayina awo pa nthawi ya msonkhano wosayang'aniridwa; izi zimapangitsa kuti wokambayo awoneke ngati munthu komanso wofikirika.
● Gawani ntchito; izi zimapangitsa kuti nthumwi iwoneke ngati mtsogoleri.
● Thandizani ku pepala lachigamulo (nthawi zambiri ndikwabwino kupereka gawo lalikulu kuposa mawu oyambira chifukwa thupi lalikulu lili ndi zinthu zambiri).
● Lembani mayankho aluso ndi kuganiza kunja kwa bokosi (koma khalani owona).
● Lembani mayankho aluso ndi kuphunzira kuchokera ku kupambana ndi kulephera kwa United Nations m'moyo weniweni zokhudzana ndi mutu wa komiti.
● Nthumwi iwonetsetse kuti aliyense njira zomwe amalingalira zimathetsa vutolo ndipo sizovuta kwambiri kapena zosatheka.
● Pankhani ya chigamulo, kukhala wololera kunyengerera ndi othandizira kapena mabulogu ena; izi zikuwonetsa kusinthasintha.
● Kankhani kuti mupeze gawo la Q&A kapena malo owonetsera pakuwonetsa pepala lachigamulo (makamaka Q&A) ndikukonzekera kutenga nawo gawo.
Vuto-Mwachindunji
● Sanjani chipinda chakutsogolo ndi chakumbuyo (osayang'ana kwambiri chimodzi kapena chimzake).
● Khalani okonzeka kuyankhula kawiri pamsonkhano wokhazikika womwewo (koma nthumwi zisabwereze zomwe zidanenedwa kale).
● Pangani malangizo ndikubwera ndi malingaliro akulu ake, kenako perekani kulola ena kulemba tsatanetsatane. Izi zikuwonetsa mgwirizano ndi utsogoleri.
● Lembani malangizo angapo kuthana ndi zosintha zamavuto.
● Yesani kukhala woyankhula woyamba kwa malangizo.
● Kumveka bwino komanso kulunjika ndizofunika kwambiri pazolemba zamavuto.
● Nthumwi iyenera kukhala opanga ndi multidimensional ndi mavuto awo.
● Ngati zolemba zamavuto za nthumwi sizikuvomerezedwa, akuyenera yesani ngodya zosiyanasiyana.
● Nthumwi iyenera nthawi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo (zafotokozedwa mu kalozera wakumbuyo).
● Nthumwi sayenera kuda nkhawa ngati aphedwa; zikutanthauza kuti wina adazindikira chikoka chawo ndipo chidwi chili pa iwo (chiwonetserocho chidzapatsa wozunzidwayo udindo watsopano).