Umzekelo we-UN Academy

INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo

Yintoni iModeli ye-UN?

Umzekelo we-UN ngumzekelo weZizwe eziManyeneyo. Umfundi, owaziwa njenge umthunywa, wabelwe ilizwe ukuba amele. Kungakhathaliseki iinkolelo zomfundi okanye imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kulindeleke ukuba babambelele kuluvo lwelizwe labo njengomthunywa welo lizwe.

A Umzekelo wenkomfa ye-UN sisiganeko apho abafundi baba ngabathunywa, bedlala indima yamazwe abawabelweyo. Inkomfa yincopho yaso sonke isiganeko, esisoloko sisindleka zizikolo eziphakamileyo okanye iiyunivesithi. Eminye imizekelo yeenkomfa zeModeli ye-UN yiHarvard Model UN, iChicago International Model UN, kunye neSaint Ignatius Model UN.

Kwinkomfa, kubanjwa iikomiti. A ikomiti liqela labathunywa abadibana kunye ukuze baxoxe kwaye basombulule isihloko okanye uhlobo lomba othile. Esi sikhokelo sibandakanya iikomiti zeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ezisebenza njengodidi lwekomiti esemgangathweni yoMfanekiso we-UN. Abaqalayo bacetyiswa ukuba baqale ngeNdibano Jikelele. Eminye imizekelo eqhelekileyo yeekomiti zeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (uxoxa ngemiba yezempilo yehlabathi) kunye neNgxowa-mali yaBantwana yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (ijolise kumalungelo abantwana nentlalo-ntle).

Njengomthunywa ekomitini, umfundi uya kuxubusha uluvo lwelizwe lakhe ngombandela othile, axoxe nabanye abathunywa, enze umanyano nabathunywa abanesimo esifanayo, aze enze izisombululo kwingxaki exutyushwayo.

Iikomiti zeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine ezahlukeneyo, nganye kuzo iya kuchazwa ngokweenkcukacha apha ngezantsi:

1. Ukulungiselela

2. ICaucus eModareyithiweyo

3. I-Unmoderated Caucus

4. Inkcazo-ntetho kunye nokuvota

Ukulungiselela

Kubalulekile ukuba uze uzilungiselele kwiinkomfa ze-UN zeModeli. Inyathelo lokuqala lokulungiselela inkomfa ye-UN yoMzekelo iquka uphando. Abathunywa badla ngokuphanda ngembali yelizwe labo, urhulumente, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni. Ukongezelela, iindwendwe zikhuthazwa ukuba zifunde imixholo eyabelwe ikomiti yazo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ikomiti iya kuba nezihloko ezi-2, kodwa inani lezihloko lingahluka ngenkomfa.

Isiqalo esihle sophando yi isikhokelo esingasemva, ebonelelwa yiwebhusayithi yenkomfa. Eminye imithombo yophando exabisekileyo ingezantsi.

Izixhobo zoPhando ngokuBanzi:

■ UN.org

■ ILibrari yeDijithali yeZizwe eziManyeneyo

■ Ingqokelela yeSivumelwano seZizwe eziManyeneyo

■ Iindaba zeZizwe eziManyeneyo

Ilizwe-Ngolwazi Oluthile:

■ I-CIA World Factbook

■ Ubuthunywa beSigxina kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo

■ IiWebhsayithi zoonozakuzaku

Iindaba kunye neMisitho yangoku:

■ Iinkangeleko zelizwe leBBC

■ Al Jazeera

■ IiReuters

■ Ingcali yezoQoqosho

■ IAtlantiki

Umgaqo-nkqubo noPhando lwezeMfundo:

■ I-Human Rights Watch

■ I-Amnesty International

■ IBhunga lezoBudlelwane baNgaphandle

■ Iziko leBrookings

■ Indlu yaseChatham

■ Carnegie Endowment

Iinkomfa ezininzi zifuna ukuba abathunywa bangenise uphando lwabo/ulungiselelo lwabo ngendlela a iphepha lendawo (ekwaziwa nangokuthi a iphepha elimhlophe), isincoko esifutshane esicacisa isikhundla somthunywa (njengommeli welizwe labo), sibonisa uphando kunye nokuqonda umbandela, siphakamisa izisombululo ezinokuthi zihambelane nesimo sommeli, kwaye sinceda ukukhokela ingxoxo ngexesha lenkomfa. Iphepha lesikhundla yindlela entle yokuqinisekisa ukuba umthunywa ulungiselelwe ikomiti kwaye unolwazi olwaneleyo lwemvelaphi. Iphepha lokubeka elinye kufuneka libhalwe kwisihloko ngasinye.

Umthunywa kufuneka eze nazo zonke izixhobo zakhe ngedijithali kwisixhobo sobuqu (esifana netablet okanye ikhompyutha), iphepha eliprintiweyo lendawo, amanqaku ophando, iipeni, amaphepha, amanqaku ancangathi, kunye namanzi. Abathunywa bayacetyiswa ukuba bangasebenzisi izixhobo ezikhutshwe sisikolo kuba oko kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ekwabelaneni ngamaxwebhu e-intanethi nabanye abathunywa ngexesha lekomiti. Ikhowudi yokugqoka esemgangathweni yeNkomfa ye-UN ye-Model yi-Western Business Attire.

ICaucus eModareyithiweyo

Inkomfa iqala nge umnxeba, emisela ukubakho kwabathunywa kwaye igqibe ukuba ngaba ikhoram iyahlangatyezwa. Ikhoram linani eliqhelekileyo labathunywa abafunekayo ukuze babambe iseshoni yekomiti. Xa igama lelizwe labo libizwa, abathunywa banokuphendula ngokuthi "ngoku" okanye "ngoku kunye nokuvota". Ukuba umthunywa ukhetha ukuphendula ngo-"present", unokurhoxa ekuvoteni kamva kwikomiti, evumela ukuba kube bhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Ukuba umthunywa ukhetha ukuphendula ngokuthi "ngoku kunye nokuvota", akanakuyeka ukuvota kamva kwikomiti, ebonisa ukuzinikela okuqinileyo ekuthatheni isigqibo esicacileyo kumbandela ngamnye oxoxwayo. Abathunywa abatsha bayakhuthazwa ukuba baphendule ngo "present" ngenxa yokuguquguquka okunikelwe yimpendulo.

A Icaucus emodareyithiweyo luhlobo lwengxoxo-mpikiswano olucwangcisiweyo olusetyenziselwa ukugxila kwingxoxo kwisihlokwana esinye kwi-ajenda ebanzi. Ebudeni bale caucus, abathunywa banika iintetho malunga nomxholwana, bevumela ikomiti iyonke ukuba yenze ukuqonda ngesikhundla esikhethekileyo somthunywa ngamnye kwaye ifumane amahlakani anokubakho. Umxholwana wokuqala wekomiti uqhelekile ingxoxo esesikweni, apho umthunywa ngamnye exoxa ngezihloko eziphambili, umgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe, kunye nesikhundla sawo. Ezinye iimpawu eziphambili zecaucus emodareyithiweyo zezi:

1. Kugxilwe kumxholo: kuvumela abathunywa ukuba bangene nzulu kumbandela omnye

2. Imodareyithwe yi idesi (umntu okanye iqela labantu abalawula ikomiti) ukuqinisekisa ucwangco kunye nokusesikweni. Olunye uxanduva lwe-dais lubandakanya ukulawula ikhoram, iingxoxo zokumodareyitha, ukuqonda izithethi, ukwenza umnxeba wokugqibela kwiinkqubo, iintetho zexesha, ukukhokela ukuhamba kweengxoxo, ukongamela ukuvota, kunye nokuthatha isigqibo samabhaso.

3. Ukuphakanyiswa ngabathunywa: Nawuphi na umthunywa unako intshukumo (ukucela ikomiti ukuba yenze intshukumo ethile) yecaucus emodareyithwayo ngokucacisa isihloko, ixesha lilonke, kunye nexesha lokuthetha. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umthunywa uthi, "Isindululo se-caucus emodareyithwayo yemizuzu eyi-9 kunye nexesha le-45 lokuthetha malunga nenkxaso-mali enokwenzeka yokulungelelaniswa kwemozulu," basandul 'ukubhekisa kwi-caucus ngesihloko senkxaso-mali enokwenzeka yokulungelelanisa imozulu. Icaucus yabo ecetyisiweyo iya kuthatha imizuzu eli-9 kwaye umthunywa ngamnye uya kufumana ukuthetha imizuzwana engama-45. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iziphakamiso zicelwa kuphela kwakuba kudlule iKhawucus yangaphambili (ngaphandle kokuba isiphakamiso sesokuba kumiswe intlanganiso yangoku). Zonke iintshukumo ezinokubakho zidweliswe phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Miscellaneous" yesi sikhokelo.

Nje ukuba kuphakanyiswe izindululo ezimbalwa, ikomiti iya kuvotela ukuba sisiphi na isindululo efuna siphunyezwe. Isindululo sokuqala sokufumana a isininzi esilula iivoti (ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha seevoti) ziya kupasiswa kwaye iqumrhu elimodareyithiweyo ebeliphakanyiswe liza kuqalisa. Ukuba akukho sindululo sifumana isininzi esilula, abathunywa benza izindululo ezitsha kwaye inkqubo yokuvota iyaphinda de umntu afumane isininzi esilula.

Ekuqaleni kwecaucus emodareyithwayo, i-dais iya kukhetha a uluhlu lwesithethi, olu luluhlu lwabathunywa abaza kuthetha ngexesha lecaucus emodareyithiweyo. Umthunywa ophakamise i caucus yangoku emodareyithwayo uyakwazi ukukhetha ukuba ufuna ukuthetha kuqala okanye okokugqibela ngelo xesha.

Umthunywa anga Yima kancinci ixesha labo lokuthetha ebudeni becaucus emodareyithiweyo mhlawumbi: kwiqonga (ixesha eliseleyo liyekiwe), omnye umthunywa (uvumela omnye umthunywa ukuba athethe ngaphandle kokuba kuluhlu lwesithethi), okanye imibuzo (unika ixesha lokuba abanye abathunywa babuze imibuzo).

Abathunywa banokuthumela kwakhona a Phawula (isiqwenga sephepha) kwabanye abathunywa ngexesha lecaucus emodareyithiweyo ngokulidlulisela kumamkeli. La manqaku yindlela yokufikelela kubantu umthunywa anokufuna ukusebenza nabo kamva kwikomiti. Abathunywa abakhuthazwa ukuba bathumele amanqaku ebudeni bentetho yomnye umthunywa, njengoko oko kugqalwa njengokungabi nantlonelo.

ICaucus eNgamodareyithwayo

An Icaucus engamodareyithwayo luhlobo lwengxoxo olungacwangciswanga kangako apho abathunywa bashiya izihlalo zabo kwaye benze amaqela nabanye abathunywa abanezikhundla ezifanayo okanye uluvo kubo. Iqela laziwa njenge-a iblok, yenziwe ngokuqatshelwa kweentetho ezifanayo ngexesha lecaucus emodareyithiweyo okanye ngonxibelelwano ngexesha leengxoxo kusetyenziswa amanqaku. Ngamanye amaxesha, iibhloko ziya kubumba ngenxa ye ukuphembelela, eyinkqubo engekho sikweni yokwakha umanyano nabanye abathunywa ngaphandle okanye phambi kokuba ikomiti iqale. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, i caucus engamodareyithwayo phantse isoloko isenzeka emva kokuba kudlule iicaucus ezininzi ezimodareyithwayo. Nawuphi na umthunywa angaphakamisa i caucus engamodareyithwayo ngokuchaza ixesha lilonke.

Nje ukuba iiblokhi zenziwe, abathunywa baya kuqalisa ukubhala a iphepha lokusebenza, esebenza njengedrafti yokufikelela kuvuthondaba lwezisombululo abafuna ukuzibona zisebenza kumzamo wokusombulula isihloko esixoxwayo. Abathunywa abaninzi banikela ngezisombululo zabo kunye neengcinga zabo kwiphepha lokusebenza, beqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwi kunye neembono ziyaviwa. Nangona kunjalo, izisombululo ezibhalwe kwiphepha lokusebenza kulindeleke ukuba zisebenze kakuhle kunye, nokuba zahlukile. Ukuba izisombululo ezahlukeneyo azisebenzi kakuhle kunye, iblokhi kufuneka yahlulwe ibe ziibloko ezincinci ezininzi ngogxininiso olukhethekileyo kunye nomntu ngamnye.

Emva kweecaucuses ezininzi ezingamodareyithwayo, iphepha lokusebenza liya kuba lilo iphepha lesisombululo, oluyidrafti yokugqibela. Ukuma kwephepha lesisombululo kuyafana nephepha elimhlophe (jonga indlela yokubhala iPhepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo). Inxalenye yokuqala yephepha lesisombululo kulapho abathunywa babhala a igatya lokuqala. La magatya achaza injongo yephepha lesisombululo. Iphepha eliseleyo lizinikezelwe ekubhaleni izisombululo, ekufuneka zichaneke kangangoko. Amaphepha esigqibo akholisa ukuba nabaxhasi kunye nabatyikityi. A umxhasi ngumthunywa obenegalelo elikhulu kwiphepha lesisombululo waza weza nezimvo ezininzi eziphambili (ngokuqhelekileyo abathunywa aba-2-5). A umtyikityi ngumthunywa oye wancedisa ekubhaleni iphepha lesisombululo okanye umthunywa osuka kwenye ibloko ofuna ukubona eli phepha linikezelwa kwaye livotelwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho mda kubatyikityi.

Inkcazo-ntetho kunye noVoto

Logama nje iphepha lesisombululo linabaxhasi abaneleyo kunye nabasayinileyo (ubuncinci buhluka ngokwenkomfa), abaxhasi baya kuba nakho ukuveza iphepha lesisombululo kuyo yonke ikomiti. Abanye abaxhasi baya kufunda iphepha lesisombululo (banikeze inkcazo-ntetho) kwaye abanye baya kuthatha inxaxheba kwiseshoni ye-Q&A kunye negumbi liphela.

Zakuba zonke iinkcazo-ntetho zigqityiwe, bonke abathunywa kwikomiti baya kuvota kwiphepha ngalinye lesisombululo elinikezelweyo (mhlawumbi ngo-"ewe", "hayi", "abstain" [ngaphandle kokuba umthunywa uphendule kubizo lwamagama "ngoku kunye nokuvota"], "ewe ngamalungelo" [uchaza ivoti emva], "uhayi ngamalungelo" [uchaza ivoti emva kwevoti], okanye "alibazise" ulibazisekile. Ukuba iphepha lifumana uninzi lweevoti ezilula, liya kupasiswa.

Ngamanye amaxesha, i isilungiso kunokuthi kuphakanyiswe iphepha lesisombululo, elinokuthi lisebenze njengesivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela amabini abathunywa. A ukulungiswa kobuhlobo (kuvunyelwene ngabo bonke abaxhasi) inokugqithiswa ngaphandle kokuvota. An isilungiso esingenabuhlobo (akuvunyelwanga ngabo bonke abaxhasi) kufuna ivoti yekomiti kunye nesininzi esilula ukuba siphumelele. Akuba evotelwe onke amaphepha, yonke inkqubo yekomiti yeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyaphinda kwisihloko sekomiti nganye de zonke izihloko zibe zisonjululwe. Ngeli xesha, ikomiti iyaphela.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo

I ulandelelwano lomyalelo wentshukumo imisela ukuba zeziphi izindululo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaye zeziphi izindululo ezivotelwa kuqala xa izindululo ezininzi zicetyiswa ngaxeshanye. Ukwandulela komyalelo wesindululo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Inqaku locwangco (ulungisa iimpazamo zenkqubo), Inqaku loMntu Ilungelo (uthetha ngokungonwabi okanye imfuno yomthunywa ngelo xesha), Inqaku le Uphando lwasePalamente (ubuza umbuzo ocacisayo malunga nomgaqo okanye inkqubo), Intshukumo ukuya Yirhoxise iNtlanganiso (iphelisa iseshoni yekomiti yosuku okanye ngokusisigxina [ukuba yiseshoni yokugqibela yekomiti]), Isindululo sokunqumamisa iNtlanganiso (unqumamisa ikomiti ngesidlo sasemini okanye sekhefu), Isindululo sokuyinqumamisa iNgxoxo (uphelisa ingxoxo ngesihloko ngaphandle kokuvota) Intshukumo ukuya Vala iNgxoxo (uphelisa uluhlu lwesithethi aze atshintshele kwinkqubo yokuvota), Isindululo sokuSeta i I-ajenda (ukhetha ukuba sesiphi isihloko amakasixoxe kuqala [esidla ngokuphakanyiswa ekuqaleni kwekomiti]), Isindululo seCaucus eModareyithiweyo, Isiphakamiso seCaucus eNgamodareyithwayo, kwaye Isindululo sokutshintsha ixesha lokuthetha (ulungisa ukuba isithethi sinokuthetha ixesha elingakanani ngexesha lengxoxo). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba a inqaku, isicelo esiphakanyiswe ngumthunywa malunga nolwazi okanye isenzo esinxulumene nomthunywa, singenziwa ngaphandle kokuba umthunywa abizwe.

A ubukhulu sisininzi apho kufuneka ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu seevoti. Ii-Supermajorities ziyafuneka ukuze a isisombululo esikhethekileyo (nantoni na ethathwa njengebalulekileyo okanye enovakalelo yinkundla), izilungiso kumaphepha esisombululo, iinguqu ezicetyisiweyo kwinkqubo, ukunqunyanyiswa kwengxoxo malunga nesihloko ukuze kuhanjiswe ngoko nangoko ukuvota, ukuvuselelwa kwesihloko ebesibekelwe bucala ngaphambili, okanye ICandelo loMbuzo (ukuvotela iinxalenye zephepha lesisombululo ngokwahlukeneyo).

A intshukumo yokudalula sisindululo esithathwa njengesiphazamisi kwaye senziwe ngenjongo eyodwa yokuthintela ukuhamba kwengxoxo kunye nekomiti. Bakhuthazwa ngamandla ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuhombisa. Eminye imizekelo yezindululo ezilula ziphinda zingenise isindululo esingaphumelelanga ngaphandle kotshintsho olukhulu okanye ukwazisa iintshukumo nje ukuchitha ixesha. I-dais inamandla okulawula intshukumo njenge-dilatory ngokusekelwe kwinjongo yayo kunye nexesha. Ukuba ilawulwa yi-dilatory, isindululo asihoywa kwaye siyalahlwa.

Ukuvota okuqhelekileyo okubhekiselwe kwesi sikhokelo uvoto olubambekayo, elivumela u-"ewe", "hayi", "abstain" (ngaphandle kokuba umthunywa uphendule kubizo lwamagama "present and voting"), "ewe ngamalungelo" (uchaza uvoto emva), "hayi ngamalungelo" (uchaza ivoti emva), okanye "uphumelele" (ulibazisa ukuvota okwethutyana). Inkqubo vdubula luhlobo lokuvota ekungekho mntu unokurhoxa kulo. Eminye imizekelo kukuseta i-ajenda, ukuya kwicaucus emodareyithwayo okanye engamodareyithwayo, ukubeka okanye ukulungisa ixesha lokuthetha, kunye nokuvalwa kwengxoxo. Uvoto olupheleleyo luhlobo lokuvota apho iqonga libiza igama lelizwe ngalinye ngokwealfabhethi kwaye abathunywa baphendule ngevoti yabo ebambekayo.

Intlonipho nokuziphatha

Kubalulekile ukuba nembeko kwabanye abathunywa, iqonga, nenkomfa ngokubanzi. Umzamo omkhulu wenziwa ekudalweni nasekuqhutyweni kwenkomfa nganye ye-Model ye-UN, ngoko ke abathunywa kufuneka babeke umgudu wabo ongcono emsebenzini wabo kwaye bafake isandla kwikomiti kangangoko banako.

Uluhlu lwamagama

● Isilungiso: Uhlaziyo lwenxalenye yephepha lesisombululo elinokuthi lisebenze njengesivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela amabini abathunywa.

● Isikhokelo esingasemva: Isikhokelo sophando esinikezelwe yiwebhusayithi yenkomfa; isiqalo esihle sokulungiselela ikomiti.

● NONE Iqela labathunywa abanesimo esifanayo okanye isimo esifanayo kumbandela othile. ● IKomiti: Iqela labathunywa abadibana kunye ukuze baxoxe kwaye basombulule isihloko okanye uhlobo oluthile lomba.

● Dais: Umntu okanye iqela labantu abaqhuba ikomiti.

● Umthunywa: Umfundi owabelwe ukumela ilizwe.

● Intshukumo yoDilatory: Isindululo esithathwa njengesiphazamiso, esicetywa kuphela ukuthintela ukuhamba kwengxoxo okanye iingxoxo zekomiti.

● ICandelo loMbuzo: Ukuvota kwiinxalenye zephepha lesisombululo ngokwahlukeneyo.

● Ingxoxo esesikweni: Ingxoxo ecwangcisiweyo (efana necaucus emodareyithiweyo) apho umthunywa ngamnye exoxa ngezihloko eziphambili, umgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe, kunye nesikhundla selizwe labo.

● Ukuphembelela: Inkqubo engekho sikweni yokwakha umanyano nabanye abathunywa phambi okanye ngaphandle kweeseshoni zeekomiti ezisesikweni.

● Umzekelo we-UN: Ukulinganisa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo.

● INkomfa ye-UN engumzekelo: Umsitho apho abafundi babe ngabathunywa, bemela amazwe abelwe wona.

● ICaucus eModareyithiweyo: Indlela ecwangcisiweyo yengxoxo-mpikiswano igxile kumxholwana othile kwi-ajenda ebanzi.

● Intshukumo: Isicelo esisemthethweni sokuba ikomiti yenze isenzo esithile.

● Ukuqala koMyalelo weSindululo: Umyalelo wokubaluleka kwezindululo, osetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuba yeyiphi na evotelwe kuqala xa kucetywa izindululo ezininzi.

● Isindululo seCaucus eModareyithiweyo: Isindululo esicela ikhokhasi emodareyithiweyo.

● Isindululo seCaucus eNgamodareyithwayo: Isindululo esicela ikhokhasi engamodareyithwayo. ● Isindululo sokunqumamisa iNgxoxo: Ugqiba ingxoxo ngesihloko ngaphandle kokuya kuvoto.

● Isindululo sokuba ihlehliswe iNtlanganiso: Iphelisa iseshoni yekomiti yosuku okanye ngokusisigxina (ukuba yiseshoni yokugqibela).

● Isindululo sokutshintsha ixesha lokuthetha: Uhlengahlengisa ukuba isithethi ngasinye singathetha ixesha elingakanani ngexesha lengxoxo.

● Isindululo sokuvala iNgxoxo: Ugqiba uluhlu lwesithethi kwaye uhambisa ikomiti kwinkqubo yokuvota.

● Isindululo sokuSeta iAjenda: Ukhetha isihloko ekufuneka sixoxwe kuqala (esidla ngokuphakanyiswa ekuqaleni kwekomiti).

● Isindululo sokunqumamisa iNtlanganiso: Unqumamisa iseshoni yekomiti ngexesha lekhefu okanye isidlo sasemini.

● Phawula: Iphetshana elincinane ladlula phakathi kwabathunywa ngexesha lecaucus emodareyithiweyo

● Inqaku: Isicelo esiphakanyiswe ngumthunywa sokufumana ulwazi okanye isenzo esinxulumene nomthunywa; inokwenziwa ngaphandle kokubonwa.

● Inqaku locwangco: Isetyenziselwa ukulungisa impazamo yenkqubo.

● Indawo yoPhando lwasePalamente: Isetyenziselwa ukubuza umbuzo ocacisayo malunga nemithetho okanye inkqubo.

● Indawo yeLungelo loBuqu: Isetyenziselwa ukujongana nokungonwabi okanye iimfuno zomthunywa. ● Iphepha lesikhundla: Isincoko esifutshane esicacisa ukuma komthunywa, sibonisa uphando, siphakamisa izisombululo ezilungelelanisiweyo, kwaye sikhokela ingxoxo yekomiti.

● Inkqubo yokuvota: Uhlobo lwevoti apho kungekho mthunywa uya kurhoxa.

● Ikhoram: Ubuncinane benani labathunywa elifunekayo ukuze ikomiti iqhube.

● Iphepha leSisombululo: Uyilo lokugqibela lwezisombululo ezicetywayo abathunywa abafuna ukuba ziphunyezwe ukulungisa lo mba.

● Roll Call: Kutshekishwa ukubakho kwabafundi ekuqaleni kweseshoni ukumisela ikhoram.

● Uvoto oluQhelekileyo: Ivoti apho i-dais ibiza ilizwe ngalinye ngokolandelelwano lwealfabhethi kwaye abathunywa baphendule ngevoti yabo ebambekayo.

● Umsayini: Umthunywa oncedise ekubhaleni iphepha lesigqibo okanye elixhasa ukuba linikezelwe kwaye livotelwe.

● Ubuninzi obulula: Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seevoti.

● Uludwe Lwesithethi: Uluhlu lwabathunywa abacwangciselwe ukuthetha ngexesha lecaucus emodareyithiweyo.

● Isigqibo esiKhethekileyo: Isigqibo esithathwa njengesibalulekileyo okanye esinovakalelo yidesika.

● Umxhasi: Umthunywa ofake igalelo elibalulekileyo kwiphepha lesisombululo kwaye wabhala ezininzi zeengcamango zalo.

● Uvoto oluBanzi: Ukuvota okuvumela iimpendulo ezinje ngo-ewe, hayi, musa (ngaphandle kokuba kuphawulwe "ngoku kunye nokuvota"), ewe ngamalungelo, hayi ngamalungelo, okanye ukupasa.

● Ubuninzi: Uninzi lufuna ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu seevoti.

● ICaucus engamodareyithwayo: Ifomathi yengxoxo engacwangciswanga kangako apho abathunywa behamba ngokukhululekileyo besenza amaqela kwaye basebenzisane kwizisombululo.

● IPhepha leNgcaciso: Elinye igama lephepha lesikhundla.

● Iphepha lokusebenza: Uyilo lwezisombululo ezicetywayo eziya kuthi ekugqibeleni zibe liphepha lesisombululo.

● Yima kancinci: Isenzo sokunikela ixesha eliseleyo lokuthetha komntu ebaleni, omnye umthunywa, okanye imibuzo.

Libhalwa njani iPhepha leNgcacisonkqubo

Amaphepha amhlophe kufuneka abe yi-1-2 yamaphepha ubude, abe nefonti ye-Times New Roman (12 pt), abe nesithuba esinye, kunye nemida ye-intshi enye. Phezulu ekhohlo kwiphepha lesikhundla sakho, umthunywa kufuneka achaze ikomiti yakhe, isihloko, ilizwe, uhlobo lwephepha, igama elipheleleyo kunye nesikolo (ukuba siyasebenza).

Umhlathi wokuqala wephepha elimhlophe kufuneka ugxininise kulwazi lwangasemva kunye nomxholo wehlabathi. Amanye amanqaku abalulekileyo ekufuneka aqukwe kukushwankathelwa komcimbi wehlabathi, izibalo eziphambili, umxholo wembali, kunye/okanye izenzo ze-UN. Abathunywa bayakhuthazwa ukuba bangqale kangangoko kulo mhlathi.

Umhlathi wesibini wephepha elimhlophe kufuneka uchaze ngokucacileyo apho ilizwe lomthunywa limi khona phezu kwesihloko kwaye uchaze indlela yokuqiqa yelizwe. Ezinye iingongoma ezibalulekileyo emaziqukwe yimbono yelizwe kwimiba ephambili yalo mba (eyokuba, echasene, okanye ephakathi), izizathu zesimo selizwe (ezoqoqosho, ezokhuseleko, ezopolitiko, njl. njl.), kunye/okanye iingxelo ezisemthethweni zangaphambili, imbali yokuvota, okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe echaphazelekayo.

Umhlathi wesithathu wephepha elimhlophe kufuneka unike imigaqo-nkqubo enokusetyenzwa, enengqiqo ehambelana nomdla welizwe, iinjongo kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni. Ezinye iingongoma ezibalulekileyo eziya kubandakanywa zizindululo ezithile zezivumelwano, iinkqubo, imimiselo, okanye intsebenziswano, iminikelo yezemali, yobugcisa okanye yozakuzo, kunye/okanye izisombululo zengingqi okanye ubambiswano.

Umhlathi wesine wephepha elimhlophe sisiphelo, esisisigqibo. Injongo yalo mhlathi kukubonisa ukuba ilizwe labathunywa linentsebenziswano kwaye lijolise kwisisombululo. Lo mhlathi kufuneka uqinisekise ukuzibophelela kwelizwe kwiinjongo zekomiti, ukuzimisela ukusebenzisana nezizwe okanye iibloko ezithile, kwaye ugxininise idiplomacy kunye nentshukumo ehlangeneyo.

Ezinye iingcebiso jikelele ngelixa bebhala iphepha elimhlophe kukuba abathunywa bafanele benze uphando olubanzi (njengoko lugutyungelwe kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo), babhale ngokwembono yelizwe labo-kungekhona bona-basebenzise ulwimi olusemthethweni, baphephe umntu wokuqala (ukubhekisela kubo njengegama lelizwe labo), bacaphule imithombo esemthethweni yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ukuze bathembeke, kwaye balandele izikhokelo ezijoliswe kwinkomfa.

Umzekelo wePhepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo #1

SPECPOL

Irakh

Umxholo A: Ukuqinisekisa uKhuseleko lweMveliso yeAthom

UJames Smith

Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo saseMelika

Ngokwembali, i-Iraq ilandele amandla enyukliya njengendlela yokulungisa ukucishwa kombane okuqhwalelisayo okuthwaxa uninzi lwelizwe. Nangona i-Iraq ngoku ingalandeli amandla enyukliya, sikwimeko eyodwa yokungqina ngefuthe longenelelo lwe-UN kwiinkqubo zenyukliya. Phantsi kobongameli bukaSaddam Hussein, i-Iraq ilandele inkqubo yenyukliya, neyathi yajongana nenkcaso emandla evela kumagunya aseNtshona, angawaseMelika. Ngenxa yale nkcaso, i-Iraq yayijamelene nokuhlolwa okungaguquguqukiyo, nangqwabalala kwezakhiwo zayo yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Ngaphandle kobukho beKhomishoni yaMandla eAtomiki eIraq, olu hlolo lusenzeka. Bathintele ngokupheleleyo amandla e-Iraq okulandela amandla enyukliya njengokhetho olusebenzayo. Isakhono esingundoqo sale komiti kukumisela imigaqo kunye nokunyanzeliswa okulandelayo kwemigaqo kumandla enyukliya. Ekubeni amandla enyukliya enomqobo ongaphantsi kakhulu kunokuba ayenawo ngaphambili, amazwe amaninzi ngoku akhangele kumandla enyukliya njengomthombo wamandla onexabiso eliphantsi. Ngokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliya, imimiselo eyiyo kufuneka ibekwe ukuqinisekisa ukuchuma kwezoqoqosho kumazwe kunye nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwezi zixhobo.

I-Iraq ikholelwa ukuba ukulawulwa kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokhuseleko lwenyukliya lwezizwe kufuneka lushiyelwe koorhulumente babo, ngenkxaso kunye nesikhokelo esivela kwi-Arhente ye-Atomic Energy. Ulawulo olugqithisileyo lunokuthintela ngokupheleleyo indlela yelizwe eya kumandla enyukliya, kwaye i-Iraq ikholelwa ngamandla ukuba ukuzilawula, ngesikhokelo kunye nokongamela, yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokunceda amazwe kwindlela yawo eya kumandla enyukliya. Ukusuka kwinkqubo yayo yenyukliya kwiminyaka yoo-1980, eyanqunyanyiswa ngokupheleleyo lungenelelo lwamazwe angaphandle kunye nokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu, ukuya kwizicwangciso zokwakha ii-reactors ezintsha kwishumi leminyaka elizayo lokujongana nokucima kombane e-Iraq, i-Iraq ikwindawo ephezulu yokuxoxa ngekhondo elifanelekileyo lokulawula amandla enyukliya. I-Iraq ineKhomishini yayo yaMandla e-Atom eyongamela kwaye yongamele izicwangciso zamandla enyukliya, kwaye sele inezigunyaziso ezinamandla malunga nendlela amandla enyukliya agcinwa kwaye asetyenziswe ngayo. Oku kubeka i-Iraq kwindawo ephambili yokwakha isicwangciso esomeleleyo nesinokusetyenzwa malunga nokuba i-UN kufuneka ijongane njani nolawulo lwenyukliya.

Ekujongeni ukuxhasa inguqu yamazwe aseNtshona kuphela, kodwa amazwe asakhasayo kumandla enyukliya, le komiti kufuneka igxininise kulungelelwaniso lolawulo olwaneleyo lwenyukliya kunye nokongamela kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe ukuze ingathinteli ukuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla enyukliya, kodwa kunokuba ikhokele kwaye iwaxhase. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Iraq ikholelwa ukuba izisombululo kufuneka zigxininise iinkalo ezintathu eziphambili: enye, ukuphuhlisa nokuncedisa ekusekweni kweekhomishini zamandla enyukliya eziqhutywa lilizwe ngalinye eliphuhlisa amandla enyukliya. Okwesibini, isikhokhelo esiqhubekayo kunye nokubekwa kweliso kwee-arhente zesizwe ezibeka esweni amandla enyukliya kuphuhliso lwezixhobo ezitsha zenyukliya, kunye nokugcina izixhobo ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo. Okwesithathu, ukuxhasa iinkqubo zenyukliya zamazwe ngemali, ukuncedisa kwinguqu kumandla enyukliya, nokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwe, nokuba athini na imeko yezoqoqosho, angaqhubeleka ngokukhuselekileyo nokuvelisa amandla enyukliya.

Umzekelo wePhepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo #2

SPECPOL

Irakh

Umxholo B: Iniyo-koloniyalizim yanamhlanje

UJames Smith

Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo saseMelika

I-Iraq izibonele ngokwayo ifuthe elibi eleniyo-koloniyalizim enalo kumazwe asakhasayo. Uninzi lwamazwe angabamelwane bethu kuMbindi Mpuma uqoqosho lwawo luye lwadodobala ngenjongo, kwaye iinzame zokuphucula imeko ziye zavalwa, zonke ezokugcina abasebenzi kunye nobutyebi obuphantsi obuxhatshazwa ngamazwe aseNtshona. I-Iraq ngokwayo ifumene oku, njengoko isizwe sethu siphantsi kohlaselo kunye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-20 ukuya ngaphaya kwe-2010. Ngenxa yolu bundlobongela obuqhubekayo, amaqela omkhosi abambelele kwiindawo ezinkulu zase-Iraq, abaninzi abemi bethu bahlala behlwempuzekile, kwaye amatyala akhubaza aphazamisa nayiphi na inzame yokuphucula imeko yezoqoqosho e-Iraq. Le miqobo ikhulise ukuxhomekeka kwethu kumazwe angaphandle ngorhwebo, uncedo, iimali-mboleko kunye notyalo-mali. Imiba efana kakhulu neyethu ayikho eIraq nakuMbindi Mpuma kuphela kodwa kumazwe amaninzi asaphuhlayo kwihlabathi liphela. Njengoko la mazwe asakhasayo kunye nabemi bawo beqhubeka bexhatshazwa, kufanele kuthatyathwe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo ukuze kulungiswe ulawulo olukhoyo phakathi kwamagunya atyebileyo kunye nokudodobala kwezoqoqosho okuhambisana noko.

Ngaphambili, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zazama ukunqanda ukuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho amazwe asakhasayo anako kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho, oko kukuthi, ngokugxininisa ukubaluleka kweziseko ezingundoqo nengqesho enesidima kwinkululeko yezoqoqosho. I-Iraq ikholelwa ukuba ngelixa ezi njongo zifezekiswa, kufuneka zandiswe kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ukuzimela kwezoqoqosho kufikeleleke ngokwenene. Uncedo olungasebenziyo okanye olungonelanga longeza ukuxhomekeka kumagunya angaphandle, okukhokelela kuphuhliso oluncinci, umgangatho wokuphila ophantsi, kunye neziphumo ezibi kakhulu zoqoqosho. Ukusuka ekuhlaselweni kwe-Iraq ngo-1991 ukuya kuhlaselo lwe-Iraq lweminyaka esi-8, olwathi lwahlala de kwangowe-2011, kunye neminyaka elandelayo yezidubedube zezopolitiko kunye nokungazinzi kwezoqoqosho okukhokelela ekuxhomekekeni kumazwe angaphandle, i-Iraq ikwimeko ephezulu yokuthetha kanye ngendlela uncedo olufanele lubukeke ngayo kumazwe asakhasayo axhomekeke kakhulu kumazwe asele ephuhlile.

Ngenjongo yokuxhasa ukuchuma kwezoqoqosho kumazwe asakhasayo, nokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwawo kumazwe angaphandle ukuze afumane uncedo, urhwebo, iimali-mboleko kunye notyalo-mali, le komiti kufuneka igxininise ekunciphiseni i-impiriyalizim yezoqoqosho, ukunciphisa ukungenelela kwezopolitiko kwezizwe kwezinye izizwe, kunye nokuzimela kwezoqoqosho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Iraq ikholelwa ukuba izigqibo kufuneka zigxininise a

isakhelo esiphindwe kane: esinye, sikhuthaza ukukhululeka kwetyala okanye izicwangciso zokunqumamisa amatyala kumazwe amatyala angaphandle athintela ukukhula koqoqosho. Okwesibini, diza impembelelo yezopolitiko phakathi kwezinye izizwe ngokusebenzisa umkhosi okanye ezinye izenzo ezithintela idemokhrasi kunye nentando yabemi. Okwesithathu, ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali lwabucala kummandla, ukubonelela ngemisebenzi nophuhliso, ukukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho nokuzimela. Okwesine, kukhuthazwe ukudimaza inkxaso-mali okanye inkxaso yamaqela omkhosi kwezinye izizwe azama ukuhlutha igunya kurhulumente onyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi.

Umzekelo wePhepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo #3

I-World Health Organization

Iunited kingdom

Umxholo B: Ukhuseleko lweMpilo jikelele

UJames Smith

Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo saseMelika

Ngokwembali, i-United Kingdom inyanzelise uhlaziyo lwezempilo olufikelela kude ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba bonke abemi, nokuba badidi, uhlanga, okanye isini, bayafikelela kukhathalelo lwempilo. I-U.K. ibe nguvulindlela wokhuseleko lwezempilo jikelele ukusukela ngo-1948, xa kwasekwa iNkonzo yezeMpilo yeSizwe. Imodeli yaseBritani yokhathalelo lwempilo jikelele ilandelwe ngamazwe amaninzi afuna ukuphuhlisa iinkonzo zempilo zentlalo kwaye uye wanceda ngokwakhe iintlanga ezifuna ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zabo zempilo. I-UK incedise ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo zokhuseleko lwezempilo kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye iphuhlise inkqubo yezempilo enempumelelo egqithileyo kubemi bayo, ethe yaqokelela ubutyebi bolwazi ngendlela eyiyo yokwenza ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo ezomeleleyo nezisebenzayo. Umba ophambili wale komiti kukumisela ikhondo elichanekileyo lokukhuthaza iinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo kwizizwe ezingekabinayo, kunye nokubonelela ngoncedo kwezi zizwe ngeenkqubo zazo zempilo. Ngokhathalelo lwempilo jikelele lusiya lusiba yimfuneko kuwo onke amazwe ukuba aluthathe, indlela eyiyo yokusebenza ukukhuthaza iinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo jikelele, kunye nohlobo loncedo olufanele ukubonelelwa kumazwe aphuhlisa ezi nkqubo yimiba ecinezelayo.

I-U.K. ikholelwa ukuba ukuphunyezwa kokhuseleko lwezempilo jikelele kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye nephakathi kufuneka kube yinto ephambili yokuqinisekisa ukuba izicwangciso-nkqubo zikhona ukunceda abo bangenako ukufikelela kwezinye iinkqubo zempilo. Ukuphunyezwa ngokungasebenziyo kokhathalelo lwempilo phakathi kwezizwe ezikumgangatho ophantsi kunye nophakathi kunokukhokelela ekwabiweni kokhathalelo lwempilo olusekwe kwisakhono, endaweni yemfuno, enokuthi yenze mandundu kakhulu ubunzima obusele bukhona ngokubonelela ngokhathalelo lwempilo kubantu abangathathi ntweni. I-U.K. ikholelwa ngamandla ukuba ukudibanisa uncedo oluthe ngqo kunye nesakhelo esilungiselelwe izizwe ezithile ukubakhokela kukhuseleko lwezempilo jikelele kunokukhokelela amazwe ukuba aphuhlise iinkqubo ezisebenzayo nezizinzileyo zokhuselo lwempilo jikelele. Kumava ayo ngophuhliso lohlaziyo lokhathalelo lwempilo kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nophuhliso oluyimpumelelo kunye nokugcinwa kokhuseleko lwezempilo jikelele kubemi bayo, i-UK ikwindawo ephezulu yokuthetha malunga nokuba yintoni inyathelo elifanelekileyo kunye nokuba loluphi uncedo olufunekayo ukukhuthaza ukhuseleko lwezempilo kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ekujoliseni ukuxhasa ukutshintshwa kwamandla aseNtshona kuphela, kodwa amazwe asakhulayo kunye nezizwe eziphakathi / eziphantsi, le komiti kufuneka igxininise kwibhalansi yoncedo oluthe ngqo kwiinkqubo zonyango lwezizwe kunye noncedo ekudaleni isakhiwo seenkqubo zokhuseleko oluqinileyo kunye olusebenzayo lwezempilo jikelele. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-U.K. ikholelwa ukuba izisombululo kufuneka zigxininise izicwangciso-sikhokelo eziphindwe kathathu: enye, ukuncedisa ukuqhubela phambili kweenkonzo zempilo jikelele ngaphakathi kwelizwe ukulungiselela uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo. Okwesibini, bonelela ngesikhokelo kunye nesikhokelo esilungelelanisiweyo ilizwe elinokusilandela ukuze kuguqulwe iinkqubo zempilo ngaphandle kwamagingxi-gingxi ukubonelela ngokhuseleko lwezempilo jikelele. Okwesithathu, amazwe anceda ngokuthe ngqo amazwe aphuhlisa ukhuseleko lwezempilo jikelele ngokwemali, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwe, nokuba athini na imeko yezoqoqosho, anokubonelela ngezempilo ngokufanelekileyo nangokuzinzileyo kubemi bawo.

Umzekelo wePhepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo #4

UNESCO

IRiphabliki yeDemokhrasi yaseTimor-Leste

Umxholo A: Ukudityaniswa koMculo

UJames Smith

Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo saseMelika

IDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste inembali etyebileyo yemveli esusela emva kumawaka eminyaka. Umculo ubusoloko uyinxalenye enkulu yesazisi sesizwe sabantu baseTimorese, bade badlale indima kwintshukumo yokuzimela yaseTimorese evela eIndonesia. Ngenxa yokuba amaPhuthukezi elawulwa ngamathanga nemisebenzi emininzi enogonyamelo, izithethe nomculo womthonyama waseTimor uye wabuna. Inkululeko yakutsha nje kunye neentshukumo zokubuyiselwa kwakhona ziye zaphefumlela amaqela omthonyama amaninzi kwilizwe lonke ukuba avuselele izithethe zawo zenkcubeko. Ezi nzame ziye zaza nobunzima obukhulu, njengoko izixhobo zaseTimorese kunye neengoma zendabuko ziye zalahleka kakhulu kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo. Ngaphezu koko, amandla abaculi baseTimorese ukuvelisa umculo uye waphazamiseka kakhulu yintlupheko ephazamisa uninzi lwelizwe. Ngaphezulu kwe-45% yabemi besiqithi bahlala kwintlupheko, ukuthintela ukufikelela kwizixhobo eziyimfuneko ekugcineni umculo ngaphakathi kweTimor-Leste. Le mingeni ayifani nabaculi baseTimorese, kodwa kwabelwana ngayo ngabaculi emhlabeni wonke. Abantu base-Aboriginal base-Australia, abaye bajamelana nemingeni efanayo nabo bajongene namaTimorese, baye balahlekelwa yi-98% yomculo wabo wenkcubeko ngenxa yoko. Olona xanduva lwale komiti kukubonelela ngoncedo ekugcineni ilifa lenkcubeko yabantu kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nokubonelela ngamathuba oluntu ukuba babelane ngenkcubeko yabo eyodwa. Ngempembelelo yaseNtshona inyusa ukubanjwa kwayo kumculo kwihlabathi liphela, ukugcina umculo ofayo kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili.

I-Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste ikholelwa ukuba ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zoncedo kumazwe angaphuhliswanga naphantsi kobukoloniyali ukuxhasa amagcisa omthonyama kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni inkcubeko yenkcubeko kunye nelifa lemveli lomculo kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokudlula kwayo kumanyathelo aliqela okuxhasa umculo womthonyama waseTimor, iTimor-Leste izamile ukomeleza iindlela ezifayo zomculo zolu luntu. Ngenxa yemeko yezoqoqosho enkenenkene yaseTimor-Leste yaye kuzabalazela ukuzimela geqe kwizizwe ezingabamelwane, ezi nkqubo ziye zajamelana nocelomngeni olukhulu, oluye lwenziwa mandundu ngakumbi kukunqongophala kwenkxaso-mali nobuncwane. Ngesenzo esithe ngqo kunye nenkxaso-mali ye-UN, oko kukuthi ngexesha lokuzimela kwe-Timor-Leste, amanyathelo okuvuselela umculo waseTimorese aphumelele inkqubela phambili. Ngesi sizathu, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste ikholelwa ngamandla kwimpembelelo entle ebonakalayo enokuthi inyathelo elithe ngqo kunye nenkxaso-mali ibe nayo kumazwe angaphuhliswanga kakuhle. Le mpembelelo ayizange ibonakale kuphela kumculo, kodwa nakwintsebenziswano yelizwe kunye nesazisi senkcubeko ngokubanzi. Ngexesha leentshukumo zokuzimela geqe kweTimor-Leste, uncedo olwanikelwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lwanceda ekukhuthazeni ukuvuselelwa kwenkcubeko kweli lizwe, kuquka ubugcisa, ulwimi lwemveli kunye nembali yenkcubeko. Ngenxa yokuba iTimor-Leste iqhubela phambili nengxabano kunye nelifa lembali yobukholoniyali, ukuqaliswa kwayo kweentshukumo zokuzimela, kunye nemizamo yokuvuselela inkcubeko yemveli, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste ikwimeko ephambili yokuthetha ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokugcina umculo ngaphakathi kumazwe ajongene nemingeni efanayo kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ngokuba nepragmatic kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kunye nokusebenza ukuvelisa izisombululo ezisebenzayo, le komiti kufuneka igxininise ekudibaniseni uncedo lwemali ngokuthe ngqo, ukubonelela ngemfundo kunye nezibonelelo zokuxhobisa amagcisa, kunye nokubonelela ngenkuthazo ngaphakathi kweshishini lomculo ukukhuthaza umsebenzi kunye netalente yamagcisa enkcubeko angamelwanga. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste ikholelwa ukuba izisombululo kufuneka zigxininise izikhokelo eziphindwe kathathu: okokuqala, ukudala iinkqubo zoncedo ezithe ngqo apho imali elawulwa yi-UN inokwabiwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuxhasa umculo wenkcubeko ofayo. Okwesibini, ukuseka ukufikelela kwimfundo kunye nezixhobo zamagcisa ukunceda ukugcina nokusasaza umculo wenkcubeko yabo. Okokugqibela, ukubonelela amagcisa ngoqhagamshelwano kushishino lomculo, kunye nokuququzelela izivumelwano phakathi kwamagcisa kunye nezigebenga zeshishini ukuqinisekisa impatho enobulungisa, imbuyekezo, kunye nokugcinwa kunye nokugcinwa kweentlobo zomculo ezifayo. Ngokujolisa kwezi zenzo zibalulekileyo, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste iqinisekile ukuba le komiti inokukhupha isigqibo esingakhuseli nje kuphela umculo onciphayo weenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, kodwa sikwaqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwamagcisa ngokwawo, aqinisekise ukuqhubeka kwezithethe zawo zomculo ezingenaxabiso.

Umzekelo wePhepha leNgcaciso yoMgaqo-nkqubo #5

UNESCO

IRiphabliki yeDemokhrasi yaseTimor-Leste

Umxholo B: Ukurhweba ngeMisebenzi yeNkcubeko

UJames Smith

Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo saseMelika

Kanye njengokuba umntwana ephulukana nenxalenye yakhe xa umzali wakhe esifa, izizwe nabantu bazo bajamelana nelahleko enzulu xa behluthwa izithethe zabo. Ukungabikho kuvakala kungekuphela nje kwisikhewu esibambekayo esishiywe ngasemva kodwa nakukhukuliseko oluthe cwaka lwegama lomntu kunye nelifa lemveli. IDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste iye yajamelana nembali emfiliba ngendlela efanayo. Kwindlela yayo ende nenzima yokuba ngurhulumente, iTimor-Leste iye yathwaxwa bubukoloniyali, indawo enogonyamelo, nokubulawa kwabantu. Kuyo yonke imbali yayo ende njengesona siqithi sityebileyo ngokwembali yeZiqithi ze-Lesser Sunda, abantu bomthonyama baseTimorese baphuhlise imizobo eneenkcukacha, amalaphu, kunye nezixhobo zobhedu. Emva kokuba amaPhuthukezi, amaDatshi, aza ekugqibeleni ehlala e-Indonesia, ezi zinto zakudala ziye zanyamalala kwesi siqithi, zibonakala kuphela kwiimyuziyam zaseYurophu naseIndonesia. Izinto zakudala ezaphangwa kwiindawo zakudala zaseTimorese zixhasa urhwebo oluchumayo lwabantsundu ubukhulu becala lusenziwa ngabantu basekuhlaleni, abahlala behlwempuzekile. Inkalo ephambili yale komiti kukuxhasa iinzame zezizwe zokulwa nobusela bobugcisa kunye nokunceda amazwe abuyise izinto ezenziwe ngexesha lobukoloniyali. Ngokuqhubeka kobusela bobugcisa kunye nezizwe eziphantsi kobukoloniyali zisangakwazi ukulawula izinto zenkcubeko yazo, ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezibanzi zokunceda amazwe ekukhuseleni ilifa lenkcubeko kunye nokuwisa umthetho omtsha malunga nokubanjwa kwexesha lobukoloniyali yimiba engxamisekileyo.

I-Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste imela ngokuqinileyo ukuphuhliswa komthetho omtsha ogxininisa amalungelo amazwe okubuyisela ipropati yenkcubeko eyathathwa ngaphambi kwe-1970, ixesha eliphawulwe ngokuxhaphazwa ngokubanzi kwamakholoni kunye nokuphangwa kobutyebi benkcubeko. Imbali yaseTimor-Leste izaliswe yimicelimngeni enxulumene nepropati yenkcubeko, esukela kumava ayo uthethathethwano namagunya obukoloniyali ukuze kubuyiswe izinto zakudala ezixabisekileyo ezathinjwa ngexesha lokuhlala. Umzabalazo wokubuyiswa kwelizwe lawo ugxininisa imfuneko engxamisekileyo yeenkqubo-sikhokelo zomthetho ezomeleleyo eziququzelela ukubuyiswa kwezinto zakudala zenkcubeko ezibiwe kumazwe azo. Ukongezelela, iTimor-Leste iye yajamelana nesibetho sokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni kwezinto zakudala zenkcubeko ngaphakathi kwemida yayo, igxininisa imfuneko engxamisekileyo yoncedo olungakumbi kunye neendlela zenkxaso zokukhusela ilifa lenkcubeko ekuxhatshazweni nasebusela. Kulo mba, iTimor-Leste ime njengobungqina bobunzima kunye neenyani zemiba yepropathi yenkcubeko kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kwaye ibekwe kakuhle ukufaka isandla kwiimbono ezixabisekileyo malunga nokuphuhliswa kwezicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokujongana nale mingeni kwihlabathi jikelele.

Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza ngendlela esebenzayo, le komiti kufuneka ibeke phambili ukuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo asezantsi ajolise ekukhuseleni ilifa lenkcubeko, uphuhliso lwezixhobo ezifikelelekayo kwihlabathi ukuququzelela ukulandelwa kotshintshiselwano lwe-artifact yenkcubeko, kunye nokusekwa kweendlela ezivumela ukubuyiswa kwezinto zakudala zenkcubeko ezifunyenwe ngaphambi ko-1970. Ukomeleza iinzame zokulwa ukurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni kwezinto zakudala zenkcubeko, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste icebisa ukuba kusekwe amaqela amavolontiya akwaziyo ukubhalisa kwi-intanethi aze afumane uqeqesho olukhethekileyo ukuze ancede ekuchongeni nasekufumaneni kwakhona ubutyebi benkcubeko obubiweyo. Amalungu alo mbutho aya kuxhotyiswa ukuba asebenzisane ne-INTERPOL, enika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kunye nenkxaso ekulandeleni izinto zakudala ezibiweyo, kwaye aya kufumana zombini ukuvunywa kunye nembuyekezo ngeminikelo yabo. Ngaphaya koko, ukuxhasa la manyathelo, iTimor-Leste ixhasa ukuphuhliswa kwesixhobo sobukrelekrele sokwenziwa esilungiselelwe ukuskena ngokucwangcisiweyo amaqonga e-intanethi okuthengiswa kwezinto zakudala zenkcubeko ezibiweyo. Sixhotyiswe ngesakhono sokuqinisekisa, esi sixhobo siza kwazisa abasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo kwaye sithintele iintengiselwano ezingekho mthethweni, sincedisa oovimba beenkcukacha bezinto zakudala zenkcubeko kwiinzame eziqhubekayo zokukhusela ilifa lehlabathi. Ngokugxininisa kula manyathelo abalulekileyo, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste ibongoza le komiti ukuba ithathe amanyathelo aqinisekileyo ekujonganeni nemfuno engxamisekileyo yokukhusela ilifa lenkcubeko yethu ekwabelwana ngayo. Ngokubeka phambili amanyathelo okuqala, ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zokulandelela ezifikelelekayo, kunye nokuseka iindlela zokubuyiswa kwe-artifact, le komiti inokomeleza iinzame ezihlangeneyo zokulwa nokurhweba ngenkcubeko. Ukusekwa okucetywayo kombutho wamavolontiya, kudityaniswa nokudityaniswa kobuchwepheshe obuqhutywa yi-AI, kubonisa amanyathelo abambekayo okugcina izinto zakudala zenkcubeko ukwenzela izizukulwana ezizayo.

Umzekelo wePhepha leSisombululo

UNESCO

Umba wesihloko B: Ukurhweba ngezinto zeNkcubeko

Ukuqulunqwa phezu kweZinto eziBalulekileyo ngokweNkcubeko (FOCUS)

Abaxhasi: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Brunei, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Croatia, Côte D'Ivoire, Egypt, Eswatini, Georgia, Germany, Haiti, India, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Montenegro, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Zambia,

Abatyikityi: IBolivia, iCuba, i-El Salvador, i-Equatorial Guinea, iGrisi, i-Indonesia, iLatvia, iLiberia, iLithuania, iMadagascar, iMorocco, iNorway, iPeru, iTogo, iTürkiye, iUnited States of America

Imihlathi yangaphambili:

Ukuqonda imfuneko yokubuyiswa kwezinto zakudala zenkcubeko,

Ndothukile ngobungakanani bezinto zenkcubeko ezithengiswayo,

Uyazazi yoxanduva amazwe angabamelwane amazwe angamaxhoba analo ekukhuseleni intsalela,

Ukuvuma inkqubo yokumisela ubunini bezinto,

Ukuvuma ukubaluleka kokukhusela ilifa lenkcubeko kunye neendawo ze-archaeological,

Ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kokukhusela ilifa lenkcubeko kunye nokubaluleka kwezinto zakudala,

Kuyathandeka ukufundisa uluntu ngokubanzi ngezinto zenkcubeko,

Adamant malunga nokubuyiswa kwezinto ezithengiswa ngokungekho mthethweni,

1. Ukuseka imibutho emitsha yamazwe ngamazwe ephantsi kwe-UNESCO;

a. Useka uMbutho we-FOCUS;

i. Ukubeka phambili intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe kunye nokuququzelela intsebenziswano enoxolo;

ii. Ukulungelelanisa iinzame zekomitana;

iii. Ukusebenza njengabalamli abangathathi hlangothi phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu;

iv. Ukunxibelelana ngqo neemyuziyam;

v. Ukumema imibutho ezimeleyo apho ulawulo lwayo luhambelana neBhunga laMazwe ngaMazwe leeMyuziyam (ICOM) kunye ne-INTERPOL;

vi. Ukuqhubela phambili ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zangoku ezifana noLuhlu oluBomvu kunye neDatha yoBugcisa obuLahlekileyo;

vii. Ukudala amasebe phakathi kombutho owongameleyo ukujongana nemiba ethe ngqo;

b. Iseka i-Artifact Rescue Corps yeLifa leMveli (ARCH) yokukhusela kunye nokuhlangula izinto zenkcubeko ekurhwebeni ngokungekho mthethweni, kunye nokugcinwa kwazo okuqhubekayo;

i. Ukonganyelwa ngamalungu e-UNESCO, i-INTERPOL, kunye neOfisi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeZiyobisi noLwaphulo-mthetho (UNODC);

ii. Ukulawulwa kwingingqi ngeebhodi ezilawulwa yi-UN ezicacileyo ukumela kakuhle iimfuno zenkcubeko;

iii. Amalungu afumana imbuyekezo kunye nokuvunywa ngamagalelo abalulekileyo okubuyisela nokubuyisela izinto zakudala;

iv. Amavolontiya anokubhalisa ukuze afumane imfundo eyimfuneko kwi-intanethi, evumela ukuba imibutho yamavolontiya ifikelele ngokubanzi;

1. Ufundiswe kwinkqubo yedyunivesithi yasekhaya esekwe phantsi kweGatya lesi-5

2. Amazwe angakwaziyo ukufikelela kwi-intanethi, okanye asokolayo ukwenza ukuba abemi babhalise kwi-intanethi, anokwazisa ngokobuqu kwii-ofisi zorhulumente wengingqi, kumaziko enkcubeko, njl.njl.;

c. Useka ikomiti egwebayo ukuze iyile imigaqo ephathelele indlela iintlanga ezifanele zitshutshise ngayo izaphuli-mthetho ezeba okanye ezenzakalisa izinto zenkcubeko;

i. Hlangana rhoqo kwiminyaka emi-2;

ii. Ukusekwa kwamazwe agqalwe njenganqabisekileyo ebeya kufaneleka ukunikela icebiso ngemibandela enjalo yokhuseleko;

iii. Ukhuseleko luya kumiselwa phantsi kweGlobal Peace Index yamva nje, kwaye kuthathelwe ingqalelo imbali yamanyathelo asemthethweni;

1. Ukunxibelelana ngqo neemyuziyam;

2. Ukumema imibutho ezimeleyo apho ulawulo lwayo luchaphazela, njengeBhunga leeMyuziyam zaMazwe ngaMazwe (ICOM) kunye ne-INTERPOL;

3. Ukuqhubela phambili ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zangoku ezifana noLuhlu oluBomvu kunye noVimba weeNkcukacha eziLahlekileyo;

2. Ukwenza imithombo yenkxaso-mali kunye nezibonelelo zokunceda amazwe kule nzame;

a. Ukuphumeza izibonelelo ezisebenza ekuboneleleni ngoqeqesho nokomeleza amagosa owiso-mthetho ukuze athintele izinto ezithengiswayo;

i. Ukusebenzisa amanyathelo e-UNESCO ukuxhobisa ii-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye neengcali zelifa lenkcubeko ukukhusela imida yelizwe ekudlulisweni kwezinto ngokungekho mthethweni;

1. Ukubhalisa iingcali ezi-3 ezivela kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN kwilizwe ngalinye elilungu kwimida yalo kunye nokudala imikhosi esebenzayo eququzelela phakathi kwamazwe ukuphelisa imisebenzi yokuwela imida;

2. Ukusebenzisa iingcali zelifa lenkcubeko kumagosa kwiindawo zenkcubeko ngolwazi olwandisiweyo lwembali kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto;

3. Ukufuna ukuba amagosa ogcino-mthetho afumane uqeqesho olulinganayo nolwahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba aphatha bonke abantu (abafudukayo nabambalwa ngakumbi) ngentlonipho nempatho enobulungisa;

ii. Ukudala iipatheni ukubonelela ngokunyanzeliswa komthetho kwiindawo zenkcubeko ezisengozini kakhulu yokuthintela ukubiwa kwezinto zenkcubeko;

1. Ukusebenzisa ulwazi ngexabiso lezinto zenkcubeko, indawo, kunye nembali yokubiwa kwezinto ukuvelisa iipateni ezisekelwe kwi-AI;

2. Ukusebenzisa iipatheni ezisekelwe kwi-AI ukuhambisa ukuthotyelwa komthetho kwiindawo ezinobungozi obukhulu;

3. Ukucebisa ukuba amazwe angamalungu abelane ngolwazi malunga neembali zobusela kunye neendawo ezisengozini enkulu phakathi kwezizwe;

iii. Ukulandelela ukuhamba okanye ukuhanjiswa kwezinto eziphawulweyo zenkcubeko kwiindawo zenkcubeko yokhokho;

1. Ukusebenzisa indlela engafihliyo yokumakisha izinto zenkcubeko ezixabisekileyo ukulandelela intshukumo kunye nokuphelisa ukuthunyelwa kwemveliso yasekhaya okanye yelizwe kwamanye amazwe;

iv. Ukusebenzisana ne-UNODC ukufumana inkxaso kunye nezibonelelo zokulandela ulwaphulo-mthetho;

1. Ukusebenzisa amaqhinga avela kwi-UNESCO kunye ne-UNODC kuya kusetyenziswa ngeyona mveliso ininzi;

2. Ukusebenzisana ne-UNODC ukuncedisa ekujonganeni nenkxalabo yokuthengisa iziyobisi ngokurhweba nge-artifact;

3. Ukucebisa i-UNESCO ukuba yabele ngokutsha imali yephulo lokufundisa eliya kubamba iiseshoni zoqeqesho kubantu basekuhlaleni abawuthanda kakhulu lo mmandla;

b. Ukwabiwa kwakhona kwenkxaso-mali evela kwiiprojekthi ezazisele zikhona ze-UNESCO ezikhule zingabaxhasi abangenanto nabazimeleyo;

c. Ukudala iNgxowa-mali yeHlabathi yoLondolozo lweMbali yeNkcubeko (GFPCH);

i. Inxalenye ye-UNESCO yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-1.5 yebhiliyoni yeedola ngonyaka iya kuba negalelo kunye nawo nawaphi na amagalelo okuzithandela avela kumazwe ngamanye;

d. Ukuba neemyuziyam ezivunyiweyo kumazwe ngamazwe kunye namaziko obugcisa afumana inkxaso-mali kwizixeko zawo zasekhaya okanye amazwe ukuze alungelelanise ipesenti elinganayo yengeniso efunyenwe lukhenketho kwingxowa-mali ye-UNESCO yokubuyiswa kwezinto zenkcubeko;

e. Ukufuna isatifikethi sokuziphatha se-UNESCO kubagcini bemyuziyam;

i. Ukunciphisa urhwaphilizo olungaphakathi kwiimyuziyam olwandisa isakhono sokurhweba ngezinto ezinjalo ngenzuzo eyandisiweyo;

f. Ukubonelela ngemali yokujonga imvelaphi;

i. Amaxwebhu obungqina (amaxwebhu abalisa imbali, ixesha, kunye nokubaluleka kobugcisa okanye i-artifact) ngokulula anokwenziwa ngabathengisi abamnyama abafuna ukwandisa inzuzo yabo kodwa banciphise ukukrokra kwabo;

ii. Ukuhlolwa kwemvelaphi ephuculweyo kuyafuneka ukunciphisa ukungena kwamaxwebhu omgunyathi;

1. Ukwabiwa kwenkxaso-mali yokuphucula/ukudala iimyuziyam kumazwe imvelaphi yezinto zenkcubeko ezibiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo okhuselo nawokhuseleko anethuba elongeziweyo lokuthintela umonakalo okanye ukubiwa kwezinto zakudala;

g. Ukudala ibhodi ehlonitshwayo yobugcisa/iingcali zolondolozo lwembali okanye abagcini abaya kukhetha ukuba zeziphi na izinto eziza kubeka phambili ekuzithengeni/ukuzifumana;

3. Ukuphumeza imilinganiselo yemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe;

a. Igunyazisa i-Criminal International Accountability Operation (CIAO) ukulwa nokurhweba ngokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni kwenkcubeko ngezohlwayo eziqatha ezichasene nolwaphulo-mthetho;

i. Umbutho uya kuba namalungu angakhethi cala nakhuselekileyo kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe;

1. Ukhuseleko nokungakhethi cala kuya kuchazwa yiGlobal Peace Index kunye nembali kunye namanyathelo omthetho akutsha nje;

ii. Umbutho uya kuhlangana kabini ngonyaka;

b. Yazisa ngezikhokelo zomthetho ezichasene nolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba amazwe alandele ngokokubona kwawo;

i. Iyakubandakanya izigwebo zentolongo eziqatha;

1. Kucetyiswa ubuncinci beminyaka eyi-8, kunye nezohlwayo ezifanelekileyo eziza kugwetywa ngamazwe ngamanye;

ii. Izizwe ziya kulandela izikhokelo ngokokubona kwazo ngabanye;

c. Ugxininisa kwiinzame zamapolisa angaphandle kwemida yokulandela abathubelezi nokunxibelelana omnye nomnye;

d. Ukuseka ugcino-lwazi lwehlabathi jikelele nolufikelelekayo lweendawo ezishishina ngokungekho mthethweni ezinokulandelwa ngamapolisa;

e. Kuqeshwa abahlalutyi bedatha abavela kumazwe azimiseleyo ukuchonga iipateni ezindleleni;

f. Ikhusela amalungelo ezizwe kwiziphumo ze-archaeological;

i. Ukunika amalungelo kwizinto ezifunyaniswe ngezakudala kwilizwe ezifumaneka kulo kunenkampani ebonelela ngomsebenzi;

ii. Uqeqesho olukhethekileyo olufana neeprothokholi zabo basebenza kwiindawo zokugrumba;

g. Ukukhuthaza amaziko enzululwazi ngezakudala kulo lonke uluntu;

i. Ukuphuculwa kwenkxaso-mali kumaziko e-archaeological ngokusebenzisa inkxaso-mali ye-UNESCO kunye nokukhuthaza inkxaso-mali yoluntu okanye yesizwe;

h. Ikhuthaza intsebenziswano enqumla imida kwaye yabelane ngalo naluphi na ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga nokubhaqwa okanye apho izinto zenkcubeko ezibiweyo kunye nokusebenzisana ekubuyiseni kwazo;

i. Ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo kwiiNdawo zeLifa leMveli ze-UNESCO kunye nokuthintela konke ukuxhaphazwa okuqhubekayo kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto zakudala kuzo;

ii. Ukuseka ikomiti eyongamela ezi ndawo kunye nezixhobo zabo zenkcubeko, ngaloo ndlela zibavumela ukuba baphucule imilinganiselo yokhuseleko;

iii. Useka iikhompawundi zophando malunga neziza ukunceda ekufundeni ngakumbi kunye nokubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo kwisiza;

j. Ukuphucula unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo lwabaphandi kunye nokhuseleko;

i. Uyila iindlela ezintsha zonxibelelwano zokudlulisa ulwazi olubalulekileyo;

ii. Yenza ugcino-lwazi olukhoyo lufikeleleke ngakumbi kuyo yonke imimandla nezizwe;

k. Ukuqinisa imithetho yesizwe kunye nonyanzeliso lwezohlwayo eziqatha ngokuchasene nabarhwebi ukuze kuliwe ngokusebenzayo urhwebo olungekho mthethweni;

l. Ibiza ibhodi yeCompromise Across Nations (CAN) enceda ekumiseleni ubunini bezinto zenkcubeko;

i. Ibhodi iqulunqwe ngabameli abavela kuzo zonke iintlanga ezizingcayo ngenkcubeko yenkcubeko kwaye ziza kujikeleziswa kunye nokufumana igalelo kumalungu e-UNESCO kunye namabhunga enkcubeko ommandla;

ii. Nasiphi na isizwe singafaka isicelo sobunini bezinto zakudala ngebhodi;

1. Uphononongo lokubaluleka kwezembali nenkcubeko luya kwenziwa ngeebhodi zeengcali kunye ne-UNESCO ukumisela apho ingabekwa khona ngcono;

2. Ubungakanani bokhuseleko olubonelelwa zizizwe buya kuthathelwa ingqalelo xa kumiselwa ubunini;

a. Imiba ebandakanyiweyo kodwa ingaphelelanga apho: inkxaso-mali ekukhuseleni izinto, ubume bongquzulwano olusebenzayo phakathi kolwamkelo nokunikezelwa kwamazwe, kunye nemilinganiselo/indawo ezithile zokukhusela izinto ngokwazo;

iii. Kuyilwe inyathelo lokuqala lenkcubeko yezizwe ngezizwe elithi ‘Sinki okanye UkuQubha’ yi-Iraq, evumela ukuba izizwe ezinobunini bezinto zakudala zibe nezivumelwano zokutshintshiselana kunye nezinye izizwe ukuze kukhuthazwe ukufunda ngenkcubeko kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo kwimiboniso yemyuziyam yembali yoluntu;

1. Utshintshiselwano lunokubakho ngezinto eziphathekayo, ulwazi, ngemali, njl.;

a. Ukukhuthaza ukhenketho kwezo zizwe apho banokuqesha khona izinto zakudala ezivela kwezinye izizwe ukuze zabele i-10% yengeniso yabo yonyaka kwiimyuziyam kwizinto zakudala ezibuyisiweyo;

b. Ukwaba isixa esithile semali ezizweni ngokuxhomekeke kwipesenti yezinto zazo zobugcisa ezikhoyo;

2. Ezi mazisetyenziselwe iinjongo zemfundo kuphela kwaye zingatshintshwa;

m. Ukuseka inkqubo yerhafu (i-TPOSA) ehlawulwa kwiingxowa-mali zenkcubeko ze-UNESCO, ezilawulwa yi-WTO kunye ne-INTERPOL ekuthengisweni kwempahla yembali ebalulekileyo kumazwe ngamazwe;

i. Ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela le nkqubo njengoko ifunyenwe ngophicotho-zincwadi lwabantu okanye amaqumrhu oshishino ngabahlalutyi be-WTO kuya kubangela ukuba umntu okanye iqumrhu lijongene neentlawulo zamazwe ngamazwe phambi kwe-ICJ, kunye neentlawulo zongezwa ngokurhweba ngabantu ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokuthutyeleziswa ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nazo naziphi na iintlawulo ezinxulumene nobuqhophololo;

ii. Umlinganiselo werhafu unokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumazinga otshintshiselwano kunye nePPP phakathi kwamazwe afanelekileyo, kodwa isiseko se-16% siya kucetyiswa, sihlengahlengiswe njengoko sibonwa sifanelekile ngaphakathi kwesidanga esifanelekileyo nguMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi;

iii. Abantu abafunyenwe benetyala phantsi kolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-TPOSA baya kuthwala uxanduva lokugwetyelwa okwenziwa kwilizwe labo, kodwa kugqitywe kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe njengoko kumiselwe yi-ICJ;

4. Ixhasa iinzame zokubuyiswa kwezinto zakudala ezibiweyo;

a. Kuqeshwa abagcini bemyuziyam kunye neengcali ze-archaeology ukuba bahambe ngemiboniso ekhoyo ukuze bahlole izinto ezenziwe ngeempawu zokuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni;

i. Inokuncediswa yi-NEXUD AI app yaseJamani enokufikelelwa kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye sele ixhaswe ngemali / iqhuba Ukubuyisela kwakhona iinkqubo ze-AI ezikhoyo zaseMexico zokuthengisa iziyobisi;

b. Ukukhuthaza amaqonga ezizwe ngezizwe othethathethwano malunga nokubuyiswa;

i. Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezidlulileyo ze-UNESCO ukunceda ukubeka iliso ukubuya kwezinto zenkcubeko;

1. Iintshukumo zangaphambili zokubuyisela nge-Indiya;

2. Ngo-2019, i-Afghanistan ibuyise iingceba ze-170 kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa ebuyiselweyo ngoncedo lwe-ICOM;

ii. Ukwandisa uthetha-thethwano oluthe ngqo kunye nabanini belizwe bezinto zakudala zenkcubeko kwaye uziguqule zibe liqonga lamazwe ngamazwe ukujongana nemiba yembuyekezo;

iii. Uqeshe imigaqo esele ikho yesivumelwano sowe-1970 ngeendlela zokuthintela nokuthintela ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokudluliselwa kobunini bepropati yenkcubeko kwaye zisetyenziswe kwizinto zakudala ezazisuswe ngaphambili;

iv. Usebenzisa igatya lokuhlutha kunye nokubuyisela kwingqungquthela ye-1970 ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwezinto ezithengiswe ngaphambi nangemva ko-1970;

c. Uphuhlisa umgangatho omiselweyo wokubuyiswa;

i. Ukuqinisa izigqibo ezivela kwingqungquthela yaseHague ye-1970 evimbela ubusela ngexesha leengxabano ezixhobileyo, ukuphunyezwa okunamandla kwesohlwayo ukuba akulandelwa;

ii. Ukuvuma ukungabikho kobulungisa kwehlabathi jikelele kunye nokuseka inkqubo apho, xa kuthathwa ngokungafuni, kufuneka babuyiselwe kwilizwe lemvelaphi;

iii. Ukusebenzisa ingqikelelo yobusela obulula ngokulinganayo kwizinto zakudala ezithatyathwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ukubamba abarhwebi ukuba baphendule ngobusela ubugcisa bemveli kunye nemveli kunye nezinto zakudala, ilungelo lokushicilela loyilo elisetyenziswa kubugcisa obubiweyo olwenze ukuba bufikelele kwiivenkile zobuhlanga nakwiivenkile zezandla kwilizwe laseNtshona;

d. Ukusebenzisa iBhunga leMiyuziyamu yeHlabathi ye-UNESCO ukongamela ukubuyiselwa;

i. Ukubambelela kwizenzo zangaphambili ze-ICOM, apho izinto ezingaphezu kwe-17000 zifunyenwe kwiinkqubo zokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye zabuyiselwa;

e. Ukuseka umboniso we-UNESCO weemviwo ze-artifacts ezivela kwilizwe labo lokuqala, ukukhuthaza ukubuyiswa kwezo zinto ukuze ezo myuziyam zifumane isatifikethi se-UNESCO sokuvunywa;

5. Ukucacisa ukusekwa kwenkqubo-sikhokelo yenkqubo yemfundo yehlabathi eya kuba ngcono

ukufundisa abantu ngokubaluleka kokugcinwa kwezi zinto;

a. Esi sigqibo sisebenzela imfundo yabafundi kunye namagosa enkonzo karhulumente;

i. Ngabafundi, i-UNESCO iya kusebenzisana neeyunivesithi okanye amaziko ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuzisa imfundo ekumgangatho ophezulu kwii-LDC;

1. Izihloko zemfundo ziya kubandakanya ukubaluleka kwezixhobo zenkcubeko, umthetho wepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda, umthetho wepropathi yenkcubeko, kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo;

ii. Iinjingalwazi zaseyunivesithi / abantu abaqeqeshiweyo bezemfundo baya kufumana ukuvunywa kunye/okanye imbuyekezo ngemizamo yabo;

iii. Abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni kunye namagosa omthetho baya kufumana iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zemfundo ngaphambi kokungena kwinkonzo ejongene nokuthengiswa kwenkcubeko, ngokukodwa "kwiindawo ezibomvu" okanye kwiindawo apho esi senzo sivelele;

1. Oku kukuthintela ukunyoba norhwaphilizo kumanqanaba aphezulu;

2. Kuya kubonelelwa kwakhona ngembuyekezo eyimali kwimisebenzi yenkcubeko eyimpumelelo ukwenzela ukunika inkuthazo;

3. Iziphumo ezinamandla okanye iziphumo ezisemthethweni ziya kufakwa ngokusebenza ne-LEGAL kunye ne-INTERPOL;

iv. Izahlulo ezincinci ziya kusekwa phantsi kwesi sigqibo sisekelwe kwindawo yejografi (ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilizwe ngalinye liya kufumana ingqwalasela elinganayo kunye nemithombo ukuze kuliwe nemiba yabo);

1. La macandelo aya kusingatha izithili ezithile ezimiselwe yi-UNESCO eziya kunceda ekuzihlaziyeni kwakhona ezi zinto;

2. Amazwe angaphuhliswanga ngokwaneleyo aya kuba nethuba lokufumana uncedo nezibonelelo ezixhaswa ngemali yi-UNESCO kunye namazwe awayesakuba ngamakoloniyali;

b. Amaqela amavolontiya kunye nee-NGOs ezifanelekileyo ziya kudala imathiriyeli yemfundo echaziweyo;

i. Izixhobo zokufunda ziya kusetyenziswa ukufundisa uluntu ngezinto ezenziwe kwiimyuziyam;

1. Oku kunokwenziwa ngohlobo lwemiqondiso, iividiyo, okanye ukhenketho olukhokelwayo ziimyuziyam kunye negunya lolawulo;

ii. Izinto zokufunda ziya kuqinisekiswa yi-UNESCO kunye namazwe achaphazelekayo;

6. Iyayiqonda imfuneko yobunikazi benkcubeko kunye nelifa lemveli, kunye neempembelelo zokuba ubunikazi obuqinileyo benkcubeko bunayo ekukhuseleni izinto zenkcubeko;

a. Izicelo zokuyilwa kwenkomfa ebanjwe yi-UNESCO ezisa ubugcisa benkcubeko obubiweyo elukhanyeni;

i. Ukukhumbuza ukuba uninzi lwezinto ezibiweyo zenkcubeko zikumaziko oluntu nawabucala, kwaye ziboniswa kuluntu;

ii. Ukugxininisa ukuba akukho sinyanzeliso somthetho sokuba iziko libonise izinto zabo zakudala kwaye endaweni yoko kukho isibophelelo esinamandla sokuziphatha;

iii. Ukucebisa ngenkxaso-mali yenkomfa eza kubonelelwa ngabaxhasi kunye neengcali zoshishino ezibonelela ngemali kumaziko abamba izinto zenkcubeko;

iv. Ukuvuma ukuba iintlanga ezinamandla eziphakamisa ezi zixhobo zihlala zijonge ukwakha ubudlelwane kunye namazwe amancinci nangaphantsi kwamandla, ngakumbi amazwe ajongene nekoloniyalizim (la mazwe angathatha inxaxheba kwinkomfa ye-UNESCO ukwenza njalo);

v. Ukugxininisa ukuba yakuba iphelile inkomfa, ubugcisa benkcubeko bunokuphinda bubuyiselwe kwilizwe labo lobuzwe;

vi. Ukukhumbuza ukuba le ngqungquthela yinto yokuzithandela kuphela, kwaye yindlela eqinisekileyo yokubuyisela inani elibalulekileyo lezinto zenkcubeko kwindawo yabo yobuhlanga;

b. Sebenzisa iprojekthi ye-UNESCO's #Unite4Heritage ukunceda ukuntywilisela amalinge akhuthaza ukunyuswa kunye nomnikelo kwesi sizathu;

i. Ukujongana neendlela ezisebenzayo ngokusebenzisa amaphulo eendaba zoluntu ngokusebenzisa iziganeko eziqhutywa ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe;

ii. Ukwandisa kwinkomfa ebanjwe kwi-1970 ukuqokelela imvakalelo yehlabathi jikelele yokurhweba kunye nokuthathela ingqalelo iziganeko ezikhoyo ukudala isisombululo esihlaziyiweyo sokulungisa ilahleko yenkcubeko;

c. Ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kwezinto zenkcubeko ezibambe ilizwe labo kunye nembali yazo kunye nokuthintela izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kwiinzame zokuzibuyisela;

i. Ukwamkela inkxalabo amalungu athile oluntu anayo malunga nokuhluthwa kwezinto zenkcubeko;

ii. Ukuhlonipha umthetho wengingqi okhusela ipropati yenkcubeko yangaphandle kwingqokelela kawonke-wonke okanye yabucala.

Ingxaki

Yintoni iNgxaki?

Ingxaki iikomiti luhlobo oluphambili, oluncinci, olukhawulezayo lwe-Model UN yekomiti efanisa inkqubo yokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwesigqibo somzimba othile. Zisenokuba yimbali, yangoku, yintsomi, okanye ikamva. Eminye imizekelo yeekomiti zeNgxaki yiKhabhinethi kaMongameli wase-United States kwi-Cuban Missile Crisis, iBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo esabela kwisoyikiso senyukliya, i-zombie apocalypse, okanye i-space colonies. Iikomiti ezininzi zeCrisis nazo zisekelwe kwiincwadi nakwiimuvi. Ngokungafaniyo nezisombululo zexesha elide ikomiti yeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo egxininisa kuzo, iikomiti zentlekele zibalaselisa impendulo ekhawulezileyo kunye nezisombululo zexesha elifutshane. Iikomiti zeNgxaki ziyacetyiswa kubathunywa asele benze ikomiti yeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Iikomiti zentlekele zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine ezahlukeneyo, nganye kuzo iya kuchazwa ngokweenkcukacha ngezantsi:

1. Ukulungiselela

2. Isikhundla

3. Igumbi eliPhambili

4. Indawo yangasemva

Ikomiti yeNgxaki esemgangathweni yaziwa njenge a Ingxaki Eyodwa, echazwe kwesi sikhokelo. A IKomiti yeNgxaki eDityanisiweyo ziikomiti ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeNgxaki ezinamacala aphikisanayo kumbandela omnye. Umzekelo woku isenokuba yiUnited States of America kunye neSoviet Union ngexesha leMfazwe Yomlomo. An IKomiti ye-Ad-Hoc luhlobo lwekomiti yeNgxaki apho abathunywa bengasazi isihloko sabo de kube lusuku lwenkomfa. Iikomiti ze-Ad-hoc zihambele phambili kakhulu kwaye zicetyiswa kuphela kubathunywa abanamava.

Ukulungiselela

Yonke into efunekayo ukulungiselela ikomiti yeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo nayo iyafuneka ukulungiselela ikomiti yeNgxaki. Nawaphi na amalungiselelo aqukunjelwe kwesi sikhokelo senzelwe ukongeza kulungiselelo lwekomiti yeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwaye isetyenziswe kuphela ngexesha leekomiti zeNgxaki.

Kwiikomiti zeNgxaki, iinkomfa ezininzi zifuna ukuba abathunywa bangenise iphepha elimhlophe (iphepha lesikhundla seNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo) kunye iphepha elimnyama kwisihloko ngasinye. Amaphepha amnyama ngamaphepha amafutshane ezikhundla achaza isikhundla somthunywa kunye nendima yakhe kwikomiti yeNgxaki, uhlolo lwemeko, iinjongo, kunye neentshukumo ezicetywayo zokuqala. Amaphepha amnyama aqinisekisa ukuba abathunywa bakulungele ukukhawuleza kweekomiti zeCrisis kwaye banolwazi oluqinileyo lwemvelaphi yabo. Amaphepha amnyama kufuneka achaze eyona nto ijongwe ngumthunywa (yandiswe ngezantsi), kodwa akufuneki icace kakhulu-ayivumelekanga ukubhala amanqaku entlekele (yandiswe apha ngezantsi) phambi kwekomiti. Indlela elungileyo yokwahlula phakathi kwamaphepha amhlophe namnyama kukukhumbula ukuba amaphepha amhlophe yinto umthunywa ebeya kuvumela wonke umntu ukuba azi, ngelixa amaphepha amnyama iyinto umthunywa angathanda ukuyifihla kuluntu ngokubanzi.

Isikhundla

Kwikomiti yeNgxaki, abathunywa bamela abantu ngabanye endaweni yamazwe. Umzekelo, umthunywa unokuba nguNobhala wezaMandla kwiKhabhinethi kaMongameli okanye uMongameli wenkampani kwiBhodi yabaLawuli. Ngenxa yoko, abathunywa bamele bakulungele ukumela izimvo zabo, imilinganiselo, kunye nezenzo ezinokwenzeka kunokuba bamele imigaqo-nkqubo yeqela okanye ilizwe elikhulu. Ngaphaya koko, abathunywa badla ngokuba ne- ipotfoliyo yamagunya, ingqokelela yamagunya nesakhono abanokusebenzisa njengesiphumo sesikhundla somntu abammeleyo. Umzekelo, umphathi weentlola unokufikelela kucupho kwaye injengele inokuyalela amajoni. Abathunywa bayakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise la magunya kuyo yonke ikomiti.

Igumbi elingaphambili

Kwikomiti yeNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, abathunywa bachitha ikomiti besebenza kunye, bexoxa, besebenzisana ukubhala iphepha lesisombululo ukuze kusonjululwe umba othile. Oku kudla ngokuthatha ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, iikomiti zeNgxaki zinezikhokelo endaweni yoko. A isikhokelo liphepha lesisombululo esifutshane elinezisombululo zexesha elifutshane elibhalwe ngamaqela abathunywa ukuphendula ingxaki. Ifomathi iyafana naleyo yephepha elimhlophe (jonga indlela yokuBhala iphepha eliMhlophe) kwaye isakhiwo salo sinezisombululo kuphela. Izikhokelo aziqulathanga amagatya aphambi kwe-ambulatory kuba ingongoma yawo imfutshane kwaye ifikelele kwinqanaba. Inxalenye yekomiti equlethe iicaucuses ezimodareyithiweyo, iicaucuses ezingamodareyithwanga, kunye nezikhokelo yaziwa ngokuba igumbi elingaphambili.

Ngasemva

Iikomiti zeNgxaki nazo zine ngasemva, nto leyo isiqalelo esingemva kwemboniso yokulinganisa iNgxaki. I backroom ikhona ukufumana amanqaku entlekele kubathunywa (amanqaku abucala athunyelwa kwizitulo zamagumbi angasemva ukuze athathe amanyathelo ayimfihlo kwi-ajenda yomthunywa). Ezinye zezona zizathu zixhaphakileyo ukuba umthunywa athumele inqaku lengxaki kukuqhubela phambili amandla abo, ukwenzakalisa umthunywa ochasayo, okanye ukufunda ngakumbi ngesiganeko esineenkcukacha ezifihlakeleyo. Amanqaku entlekele kufuneka angqale kangangoko kwaye achaze iinjongo kunye nezicwangciso zomthunywa. Kufuneka kwakhona bafake i-TLDR. Ngokuqhelekileyo akuvumelekanga ukubhala amanqaku entlekele phambi kwekomiti.

Umthunywa Ingxaki arc libali labo lexesha elide, ibali eliguqukayo, kunye nesicwangciso sobuchule athi aphuhliswe ngumthunywa ngamanqaku entlekele. Ibandakanya izenzo zegumbi lasemva, ukuziphatha kwegumbi langaphambili, kunye nezenzo nabanye abathunywa. Inokufikelela kwikomiti yonke-ukusuka kwinqaku lokuqala lengxaki ukuya kumyalelo wokugqibela.

Abasebenzi basebackroom bahlala benika Uhlaziyo lwengxaki ngokusekelwe kwi-ajenda yabo, amanqaku entlekele yomthunywa, okanye iziganeko ezinokuthi zenzeke. Umzekelo, uhlaziyo lweNgxaki inokuba linqaku elikhutshwe malunga nesenzo esithathwe ngumthunywa kwigumbi elingasemva. Omnye umzekelo wohlaziyo lweNgxaki inokuba yi ukubulawa, nto leyo ekholisa ukuvela kumthunywa ozama ukususa inkcaso yakhe kwigumbi elingasemva. Xa umthunywa ebulewe, ufumana isikhundla esitsha kwaye aqhubeke nekomiti.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo

Iikomiti ezikhethekileyo ngamaqumrhu afanisiweyo awahlukileyo kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo okanye ikomiti yeNgxaki ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Oku kunokubandakanya iikomiti zembali (ezibekwe ngexesha elithile), amaqumrhu ommandla (afana neManyano ye-Afrika okanye iManyano yaseYurophu), okanye iikomiti zekamva (ezisekelwe kwiincwadi ezingeyonyani, iimuvi, okanye iingcamango). Ezi komiti zikhethekileyo zihlala zinemithetho eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo, amaqula amancinane abathunywa, kunye nezihloko ezikhethekileyo. Iiyantlukwano ezithile zekomiti zinokufunyanwa kwisikhokelo esingasemva sekomiti kwiwebhusayithi yenkomfa.

Imiyalelo yabucala yimiyalelo iqela elincinane labathunywa elisebenzela phezu kwayo ngasese. Le miyalelo idla ngokuqulatha amanyathelo abathunywa abafuna ukuwathatha kwii-ajenda zabo. Olunye usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lwemiyalelo yabucala bubuntlola, intshukumo yasemkhosini, ipropaganda, kunye nezenzo zangaphakathi zikarhulumente. Izikhokelo zabucala zihlala zisetyenziswa njengamanqaku entlekele apho abathunywa abaninzi banokusebenza, bevumela unxibelelwano kunye nentsebenziswano enceda umthunywa ngamnye ukuba aqulunqe ibali lakhe.

Intlonipho nokuziphatha

Uluhlu lwamagama

● IKomiti ye-Ad-Hoc: Uhlobo lwekomiti yeNgxaki apho abathunywa bengasazi isihloko sabo kude kube lusuku lwenkomfa.

● Ukubulala: Ukushenxiswa komnye umthunywa kwikomiti, nto leyo ekhokelele kwisikhundla esitsha somthunywa osusiweyo.

● Igumbi elingasemva: Into engasemva kwe-scenes yokulinganisa iNgxaki.

● Ingxaki: Uhlobo oluphezulu, olukhawulezayo lwekomiti ye-Model UN efanisa inkqubo yokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwesigqibo somzimba othile.

● Arc Crisis: Ibali lexesha elide lomthunywa, ibali eliguqukayo, kunye nesicwangciso sobuchule athi aphuhliswe ngumthunywa ngamanqaku entlekele.

● Amanqaku eNgxaki: Amanqaku abucala athunyelwe kwizitulo zamagumbi angasemva ecela ukuba kwenziwe into eyimfihlo kusukelo lwe-ajenda yobuqu yomthunywa.

● Uhlaziyo lweNgxaki: Iziganeko ezingalindelekanga, ezinempembelelo ezinokuthi zenzeke nangaliphi na ixesha kwaye zichaphazela uninzi lwabathunywa.

● Umyalelo: Iphepha elifutshane lesisombululo elinezisombululo zexesha elifutshane elibhalwe ngamaqela abathunywa ekuphenduleni ukuhlaziywa kweNgxaki.

● Igumbi elingaphambili: Inxalenye yekomiti equlathe iicaucus ezimodareyithwayo, iicaucus ezingamodareyithwanga, kunye nezikhokelo.

● IKomiti eDityanelweyo yeNgxaki: Iikomiti ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeNgxaki ezinamacala aphikisanayo kumba omnye.

● Ipotfoliyo yaMagunya: Ingqokelela yamagunya nesakhono anokusisebenzisa umthunywa ngokusekelwe kwisikhundla somntu ammeleyo.

● Umyalelo waBucala: Imiyalelo ethi iqela elincinane labathunywa lisebenze ngasese ukunceda umthunywa ngamnye ukuba abumbe ibali lakhe.

● Ingxaki Eyodwa: Ikomiti yeNgxaki esemgangathweni.

● IiKomiti eziZodwa: Amaqumrhu afanayo ahlukileyo kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo okanye kwiikomiti zeNgxaki ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Umzekelo wePhepha eliMnyama

I-JCC: Imfazwe yaseNigeria-Biafra: Biafra

Louis Mbanefo

Iphepha Elimnyama

UJames Smith

Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo saseMelika

Ukongeza kwindima yam ephambili ekuqhubeleni phambili iphulo leBiafra lokuba ngurhulumente, ndinqwenela ukunyukela kumongameli welizwe lethu, umbono lowo uxhaswe luthethathethwano lwam kunye ne-United States of America. Ngelixa ndithethelela ngokungagungqiyo ulongamo lwe-Biafra, ndiyayiqonda imfuneko yenkxaso yamazwe angaphandle ukomeleza indlela yethu eya kuburhulumenteni, indinyanzela ukuba ndilungelelanise ngobuchule nemidla yaseMelika kulo mmandla. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ndinombono wokuseka iziko elomeleleyo lokongamela imithombo yeoli yaseBiafra, nditsalela kubutyebi obufunyenwe kumthetho wam onengeniso. Ngokusebenzisa ulawulo lwam kwiinkundla ze-Biafra, ndijolise ekuqinisekiseni ulawulo lwamalungelo okuqhuba, ndiqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na imvume enikwa amanye amaziko ithathwa njengengekho kumgaqo-siseko ngokusebenzisa amajelo enkundla. Ndisebenzisa impembelelo yam kwisebe lezomthetho lase-Biafra, ndijonge ukufumana inkxaso enkulu kwishishini lam loshishino, ngaloo ndlela ndinyanzela amashishini okomba aseMelika ukuba asebenze phantsi kwawo, ngaloo ndlela ndiqinisekisa impumelelo kum kunye neBiafra. Emva koko, ndiceba ukusebenzisa izixhobo endinazo ukuze ndiphembelele ngobuchule ngaphakathi kwezopolitiko zaseMelika, ndihlakulela inkxaso kungekuphela nje kwiBiafra kodwa nakwinzame zam zeshishini. Ngaphaya koko, ndiyathemba ukusebenzisa i-asethi yam yeshishini ukufumana iinkampani zeendaba eziphambili zaseMelika, ngaloo ndlela ndibumba umbono woluntu kwaye ndisasaza ngobuchule umbono wokuphazamiseka kweSoviet eNigeria, ngaloo ndlela ndifumana inkxaso ephezulu yaseMelika kwisizathu sethu. Emva kokuqinisa inkxaso yaseMelika, ndinombono wokusebenzisa ubutyebi bam kunye neempembelelo zokuququzelela ukususwa komongameli we-Biafra, u-Odumegwu Ojukwu, emva koko.

ndizibeke njengomgqatswa obambekayo womongameli ngokulawula ngobuchule iimvakalelo zoluntu kunye nokutshintsha kwezopolitiko.

Umzekelo Directive

IKomiti: I-Ad-Hoc: IKhabhinethi yaseUkraine

Isikhundla: UMphathiswa wezaMandla

● Uzibandakanya UMphathiswa weMicimbi yezaNgaphandle waseTshayina kwiingxoxo malunga nokutyalomali kumacandelo amandla kunye neziseko zophuhliso eUkraine,

○ Uyathethathethana isibonelelo saseTshayina sokwakha ngokutsha iziseko zoncedo zasekuhlaleni kunye neegridi zamandla,

○ Iminxeba Uncedo loluntu lwaseTshayina ngenjongo yokuqhubela phambili ubudlelwane phakathi kwezizwe, kwaye njengentshukumo yobubele ekudityanisweni kwemibutho yaseTshayina kuqoqosho lwaseUkraine,

● Iingcebiso Amandla aseTshayina kunye neenkampani zeziseko ezingundoqo ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwi-Ukraine yokuvuselela amandla kunye necandelo leziseko zophuhliso, kunye nokutyalomali kwiiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso,

○ Uyathethathethana Izivumelwano zamandla avuselelekayo kunye neenkampani ezininzi zamandla aseTshayina, ezisebenzela ukuvuselela icandelo lamandla e-Ukraine,

■ China Yangtze Power Corporation,

■ Xinjiang Goldwind Science Technology Co. Ltd.,

■ JinkoSolar Holdings Co. Ltd.,

○ Uzibandakanya Icandelo lepetroleum yaseTshayina ekuboneleleni ngerhasi yelizwe kunye neoyile kumazwe angaphandle, ngelixa kutyalwa imali kwigesi yendalo kunye neoyile yaseUkraine,

● Iyathumela ummeli wezozakuzo kurhulumente weRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseTshayina ngeenjongo zokuvula unxibelelwano lwaseTshayina-Ukrainian ekukhuthazeni utyalo-mali kunye noncedo,

● Iifom Ikhomishini yabaphathiswa ukujongana nobudlelwane baseTshayina-Ukrainian, ngelixa ibeka iliso kwi-investment yaseTshayina kunye noncedo olunikezelwa e-Ukraine yi-China,

○ Iimonitha uncedo olunikezelwe eUkraine, ukuqinisekisa ukuba utyalo-mali okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kurhulumente okanye kumacandelo abucala akubi muncu, okanye kwenzakalise umdla wesizwe waseUkraine,

○ Iinjongo ukujongana neenkxalabo zaseTshayina okanye iminqweno ngaphakathi kommandla, kunye nokugcina umdla wesizwe waseUkraine phakathi kobudlelwane phakathi kweTshayina neUkraine,

● Abathetheleli ekudaleni umgca othe ngqo wonxibelelwano phakathi kweenkokeli ezifanelekileyo:

○ Misela unxibelelwano oluhlala luhleli,

○ Gcina isizwe ngasinye sinolwazi malunga nophuhliso lwangoku,

● Isebenzisa ubukrelekrele obuchanekileyo baseUkraine eRussia naseUnited States ukuya:

○ Intengiso indawo yothethathethwano neTshayina,

○ Yomeleza indawo yethu ne China.

Umzekelo weNgxaki iNqaku #1

IKomiti: IKomiti yeNgxaki eDityanisiweyo: Imfazwe yaseNigeria-Biafra: Biafra

Isikhundla: Louis Mbanefo

Kumfazi wam omhle,

Kweli nqanaba, eyona nto iphambili kum kukulawula amandla eSebe lezoBulungisa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ndiza kusebenzisa ubutyebi bam esitsha ukunyoba uninzi lwabagwebi abaphetheyo. Ndiyazi ukuba andiyi kuba nexhala malunga nokungabi namali yaneleyo kuba i-$ 200,000 USD ixabisa kakhulu, ngakumbi ngo-1960. Ukuba nayiphi na ijaji ithatha isigqibo sokwala, ndiya kusebenzisa impembelelo yam kwiNtloko yezoBulungisa ukuze ndibanyanzele ukuba bangenise, ngelixa ndisebenzisa uqhagamshelwano olufunyenwe kwixesha lam lokukhonza kwiPalamente yoMmandla waseMpuma. Oku kuya kundivumela ukuba ndifumane inkxaso kwisebe lezomthetho. Ukwandisa impembelelo yam kwisebe lezomthetho, ndiza kusebenzisa oonogada bam ukoyikisa abagwebi ngokwasemzimbeni. Ngale nto, ndiya kuba nolawulo olupheleleyo lwesebe lezomthetho. Ukuba ungayenza le misebenzi, ndingahlala ndinombulelo kuwe, sithandwa sam. Ziijaji ezimbalwa kuphela ekufuneka zinyotywe kuba ziijaji eziphezulu kuphela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, njengoko zikwazi ukuthabatha naliphi na ityala kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye zinegunya lokuphembelela isigwebo.

I-TLDR: Sebenzisa ithamsanqa elisandula ukufunyanwa ukuthenga abagwebi kunye nokusebenzisa abafowunelwa ukufumana inkxaso kwisebe lezomthetho. Sebenzisa oonogada ukoyikisa abagwebi ngokwasemzimbeni, ndisandisa impembelelo yam kwisebe lezomthetho.

Enkosi kakhulu, sithandwa. Ndiyathemba ukuba nibe nosuku olusikelelekileyo.

Ngothando,

Louis Mbanefo

Umzekelo weNgxaki iNqaku #2

IKomiti: Inzala

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Umama othandekayo, Umama wesibini okhohlakeleyo

Ndisokola kakhulu ekuziqhelaniseni ne-Auradon prep, kodwa ndizimisele ngokuqinileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba bonke abangendawo bayakwazi ukuzenzela ubomi obutsha, ngaphandle kwakho kunye nolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ndinombulelo ongazenzisiyo ngomlingo omncinci ogqithiselwe kum uvela kwi-Fairy Godmother's wand eCinderella III, i-Twist in Time, eyakufaka ngomlingo. Ukuze ndincede ukuqondisa umbono woluntu we-VKs ngokufanelekileyo, ndifuna inkxaso-mali kunye nefuthe. Ukuze ufumane oku, nceda ufikelele kwimibutho emithathu yeendaba ezinkulu kunye nemiboniso yeentetho, enikezela

Udliwano-ndlebe olukhethekileyo malunga nokuba kwenzeke ntoni na kwi-Isle of the Lost, kunye nemeko yangoku yabangendawo apho. Ukuthathela ingqalelo indlela elahlulwe ngayo icala ngalinye kwelinye, olu lwazi luya kuba luncedo kakhulu kumajelo eendaba kwaye lube nomdla kula magorha oyika ikamva lawo malunga nabangendawo abakhe baboyikisa. Nceda uxoxisane nabo, unikeze udliwano-ndlebe olukhethekileyo ngokutshintshiselana ne-45% yenzuzo, kunye nolawulo lokuhlela oko kukhutshwa ezindabeni. Nceda ubaxelele ukuba ukuba bayavuma, ndinganikezela ngonxibelelwano oluthe ngqo kunye nabangendawo, ndibanike ezinye iimbono kumabali abo, angazange abonwe ngaphambili. Ngale nto, ndiyathemba ukuba ndingakuphucula ukuma kwam phakathi kwabemi baseAuradon.

Ngothando,

UVictor

Umzekelo Inqaku leNgxaki #3

IKomiti: Inzala

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Mama othandekayo,

Ndiyakuqonda ukuzixakekisa kwakho malunga nendlela ububi obunokuthi bufakwe ngayo kwesi sicwangciso, kodwa ndiyakucela ukuba ubhide ixesha lakho ukuze uqinisekise ukuphazamiseka okuncinci kwe-HK kwisicwangciso sethu. Ngemali efunyenwe kudliwano-ndlebe lwam, nceda uqeshe iqela labalindi abathembekileyo kum kunye ne-VKs, ngaphandle kwe-Auradon (ukuthintela naziphi na ezinye izibophelelo kwi-Auradon) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lwam kunye nempembelelo eqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwe-Auradon. Ukongeza, nceda ulawule iindawo zeendaba apho udliwano-ndlebe lwam lusasazwe, lusebenzisa ulawulo lokuhlela olufunwayo njengenxalenye yemimiselo, ukuqinisekisa ugxininiso kumaxabiso okubuyisela kwi-VKs, igalelo labo kwi-Auradon, kunye nemiphumo emibi ye-HKs kubomi be-VK, nangona isimo se-VK sokuvuselelwa. Ngale nto, ndiyathemba ukuphakamisa impembelelo yee-VKs ngaphakathi kwe-Auradon kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthatha kwabo inxaxheba okuqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwe-Auradon prep. Mama sizakwenza ububi kungekudala. Ekugqibeleni siyakwenza ukuba ii-HK kunye namaqhawe abandezeleke ngenxa yelishwa abasigwebele kulo. Ndifuna inkxaso yakho kuphela, kwaye umhlaba uya kukuvulela.

Ngothando,

UVictor Tremaine

Umzekelo weNgxaki iNqaku #4

IKomiti: Inzala

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Umama,

Lifikile ixesha. Ekugqibeleni siya kuphumeza iinjongo zethu ezimbi. Ngelixa umlingo ukhubazekile ngaphakathi kwe-Isle of the Lost, i-alchemy kunye nokwenza i-potion akuhambelani ngqo nomlingo, kodwa endaweni yoko.

amandla asisiseko ehlabathi kunye namandla ezithako, ngoko kufuneka afumaneke kubenzi bobubi kwi-Isle of the Lost. Nceda usebenzise unxibelelwano lwakho kunye noKumkanikazi okhohlakeleyo ngaphakathi kwiSiqithi soLahleko ukucela ukuba avelise iipilisi ezintathu zothando, eziya kuba namandla ngakumbi ngenxa yamava akhe nge-alchemy kunye nokwenza i-potion ngaphakathi kwebali lakhe. Nceda usebenzise isikolo esidibeneyo esisanda kusekwa kumda we-Auradon kunye ne-Isle of the Lost echazwe kwi-RISE ukuphumeza oku kuthutyeleziswa. Ndiceba ukuba ne-Fairy Godmother, kunye nobunye ubunkokeli be-Auradon butyhefelwe yityhefu yothando ukuze babethelwe ngobuhle bam, kwaye baphantsi kwempembelelo yam ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuya kwenzeka kungekudala mama, ke ndiyathemba ukuba wanelisekile sisiphumo sokugqibela. Ndiza kubonelela ngolwazi olungakumbi kwisicwangciso sam nje ukuba ndifumane impendulo yakho.

Ngothando kunye nobubi,

UVictor

Umzekelo weNgxaki iNqaku #5

IKomiti: Inzala

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Umama,

Ixesha lifikile. Ngokudlula kwenyathelo lethu le-RISE, isiqithi sethu esidibeneyo se-VK-HK sigqityiwe. Njengenxalenye yokuvulwa okuzukileyo kweziko lethu lemfundo, ndiza kutyibilika wena kunye noKumkanikazi okhohlakeleyo nizenze ngabasebenzi, ndiqinisekisa ukuthutyeleziswa okuyimpumelelo kobukho bethu. Olu vulo lukhulu kakhulu luya kuba nesidlo nebhola entsonkothileyo, apho ubunkokheli obungamagorha buya kumenywa kwaye bunike iintetho zokukhuthaza intsebenziswano. I-Fairy Godmother kunye nezinye iinkokeli zamaqhawe ziya kuzimasa. Ndiya kubayalela abapheki besiqithi (abalindi bam bomzimba kwiNgxaki yeNgxaki #2 ekuzifihleni) ukuba babeke i-potion yothando ngaphakathi kokutya okunikwa iinkokeli ezintathu zamagorha, kubangele ukuba babethelwe ngobuhle bam obungenakulinganiswa. Eli linyathelo elilandelayo ekukhuseleni impembelelo yethu eqhubekayo.

Ndiyathemba ngale nto, silinyathelo elinye elikufutshane ekufezekiseni iinjongo zethu ezimbi.

Ngothando kunye ne-evvill,

UVictor

Umzekelo weNgxaki iNqaku #6

IKomiti: Inzala

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Umama,

Isicwangciso sethu sele siza kugqitywa. Inyathelo lethu lokugqibela liya kuba kukusebenzisa impembelelo yethu ngobunkokeli bobuqhawe ukususa umqobo owahlula ezi ziqithi zimbini ukuqinisekisa ukudityaniswa okupheleleyo kwemibutho emibini. Ukuze ufezekise oku, nceda uthumele ileta kwiFairy Godmother kunye nobunkokeli beqhawe, unikezela ngothando lwam, kunye nobudlelwane obupheleleyo kunye nabo bonke ubunkokeli (bothando) ngokutshintshiselana nokususa umqobo. Nceda uzifihle iinjongo zam zokwenyani njengomnqweno nje wokumanyanisa abantu endibathandayo (umama wam, abangendawo, kunye nobunkokeli, kubandakanywa uMama onguthixo). Oku kufanele kube ngokwaneleyo ukufezekisa injongo yam yokususa umqobo. Nceda uqhubeke nokuyalela abalindi bam ukuba bagcine ukhuseleko lwam lube yeyona nto iphambili kubo kwaye bancede ezinye izenzo zam. ndiyathemba ukukubona kwakamsinya.

Ngothando olukhulu kunye ne-evvill,

UVictor

Amabhaso

Intshayelelo

Nje ukuba umthunywa ezimase iinkomfa ezimbalwa ze-UN zeModeli, ukufumana amabhaso linyathelo elilandelayo endleleni yokuba ngumthunywa omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zimvo zinqwenelekayo akulula ukuzifumana, ngakumbi kwiinkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe kunye namakhulu abathunywa kwikomiti nganye! Ngethamsanqa, ngomzamo owaneleyo, iindlela ezizanyiweyo neziyinyaniso ezichazwe apha ngezantsi zongeza amathuba okuba umthunywa afumane ibhaso.

Ngamaxesha onke

● Phanda kwaye ulungiselele kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukukhokelela kwinkomfa; ulwazi lwangasemva alukhe lube buhlungu.

● Yenza umgudu kuwo wonke umsebenzi; Iqonga liyakwazi ukuxela umgudu owenziwe ngumthunywa kwinkomfa kwaye uyabahlonela abo basebenza nzima.

● Yiba nembeko; Iqonga liyabaxabisa abathunywa abanembeko.

● Ungatshintshi; kunokuba lula ukudinwa ngexesha lekomiti, ke qiniseka ukuba uhlala ungaguquguquki kwaye ulwe nakuphi na ukudinwa.

● Yiba neenkcukacha kwaye ucace.

● Ukudibana kwamehlo, ukuma kakuhle, kunye nelizwi elithembekileyo ngamaxesha onke.

● Umthunywa kufuneka bathethe ngobuchule, kodwa bevakala njengabo.

● Umthunywa kufuneka bangaze bazibize ngokuthi "mna" okanye "thina", kodwa "njengabathunywa be-____".

● Bonisa imigaqo-nkqubo yesikhundla ngokuchanekileyo; Umzekelo we-UN asiyondawo yokuvakalisa izimvo zobuqu.

ICaucus eModareyithiweyo

● Khumbula intetho yokuvula ngombono onamandla; qinisekisa ukuba ubandakanya ukuvulwa okuqinileyo, igama lesikhundla, inkcazo ecacileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo wesikhundla, kunye ne-rhetoric esebenzayo.

● Umthunywa kufuneka jongana nemiba engaphantsi ngexesha leentetho zabo.

● Thatha amanqaku ngexesha leentetho; ukuba nolwazi lwemvelaphi kwezinye iimbono ezithile kwasekuqaleni kwenkomfa kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yomthunywa.

● Umthunywa kufuneka baphakamise iiplacard zabo ngamaxesha onke (ngaphandle kokuba sele bethethile kwicaucus emodareyithiweyo).

● Umthunywa kufuneka thumela amanqaku kwabanye abathunywa ubaxelela ukuba beze kubafumana ngexesha lecaucuses engamodareyithwayo; oku kunceda umthunywa ukuba abonakale njengenkokeli.

ICaucus engamodareyithwayo

● Bonisa intsebenziswano; I-dais ifuna ngokukhutheleyo iinkokeli kunye namaqabane.

● Thetha nabanye abathunywa ngamagama abo ngexesha lecaucus engamodareyithwayo; oku kwenza ukuba isithethi sibonakale sinobuntu kwaye singeneka ngakumbi.

● Ukuhambisa imisebenzi; oku kwenza ukuba umthunywa abonwe njengenkokeli.

● Faka igalelo kwiphepha lesisombululo (kungcono ukufaka igalelo kumzimba ophambili kunamagatya aphambi kwenkqubo kuba owona mzimba uphambili uneyona nto ininzi).

● Bhala izisombululo zoyilo ngo ukucinga ngaphandle kwebhokisi (kodwa hlala unyanisekile).

● Bhala izisombululo zoyilo ngo ukufunda kwiimpumelelo kunye nokusilela kweZizwe eziManyeneyo kubomi bokwenyani malunga nesihloko sekomiti.

● Umthunywa kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba nawuphi na Izisombululo abazicebisayo ziyayicombulula ingxaki kwaye azibaxi kakhulu okanye azikho ngqiqweni.

● Ngokumalunga nephepha lesisombululo, kukulungele ukulalanisa nabadibanisi okanye ezinye iibloko; oku kubonisa ukuba bhetyebhetye.

● Tyhila ukuze ufumane iseshoni ye-Q&A okanye indawo yokubonisa kunikezelo lwephepha lesisombululo (ngokukhethekileyo i-Q&A) kwaye ulungele ukuthatha loo ndima.

Ingxaki-Ingqale

● Lungelelanisa igumbi elingaphambili kunye negumbi elingasemva (ungagxininisi kakhulu kwenye okanye kwenye).

● Lungiselela ukuthetha kabini kwikhakhasi enye emodareyithiweyo (kodwa abathunywa akufuneki baphinde into esele ithethiwe).

● Yenza isikhokelo kwaye uze nemibono ephambili kuyo, emva koko uyidlulise ukuvumela abanye babhale iinkcukacha. Oku kubonisa intsebenziswano nobunkokeli.

● Bhala imiyalelo emininzi ukulungisa uhlaziyo lwentlekele.

● Zama uku ube sisithethi sokuqala ukwenzela imiyalelo.

● Ukucaca kunye neenkcukacha zingundoqo malunga namanqaku entlekele.

● Umthunywa kufuneka yiba nobuchule kwaye ube ninzi ngengxaki yabo.

● Ukuba amanqaku obunzima bomthunywa akavunywa, kufuneka zama ii-engile ezahlukeneyo.

● Umthunywa kufuneka basoloko besebenzisa amandla abo obuqu (ichazwe kwisikhokelo esingasemva).

● Umthunywa bangazikhathazi xa bebulewe; kuthetha ukuba umntu waqaphela impembelelo yabo kwaye ingqalelo ikubo (i-dais iya kunika ixhoba isikhundla esitsha).