Imodeli ye-UN Academy

I-General Assembly

Yini i-Model UN?

Imodeli ye-UN kuwukulingisa kweZizwe Ezihlangene. Umfundi, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi a isithunywa, wabelwe izwe elizomela. Kungakhathalekile izinkolelo zomfundi noma izindinganiso zomuntu siqu, kulindeleke ukuthi babambelele esimeni sezwe labo njengesithunywa salelo zwe.

A Ingqungquthela ye-UN eyisibonelo kuyisenzakalo lapho abafundi besebenza njengezithunywa, bedlala indima yamazwe abawabelwe. Ingqungquthela iyisiphetho sawo wonke umcimbi, ovame ukusingathwa yizikole zamabanga aphezulu noma amanyuvesi. Ezinye izibonelo zezinkomfa ze-Model UN i-Harvard Model UN, i-Chicago International Model UN, ne-Saint Ignatius Model UN.

Engqungqutheleni kuba namakomiti. A ikomiti yiqembu lezithunywa elihlangana ndawonye ukuze lixoxe futhi lixazulule isihloko noma uhlobo oluthile lodaba. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlanganisa amakomiti e-General Assembly, asebenza njengohlobo lwekomidi elijwayelekile le-Model UN. Abaqalayo bayanconywa ukuthi baqale ngoMhlangano Jikelele. Ezinye izibonelo ezivamile zamakomiti oMhlangano Jikelele yiNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (ixoxa ngezindaba zezempilo emhlabeni wonke) kanye neNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yesikhwama Sezingane (igxile kumalungelo ezingane nenhlalakahle).

Njengesithunywa ekomitini, umfundi uzodingida isimo sezwe lakhe esihlokweni, axoxisane nezinye izithunywa, akhe ubudlelwano nezithunywa ezinombono ofanayo, akhiphe nezisombululo ngenkinga okuxoxwe ngayo.

Amakomidi oMhlangano Jikelele angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezine ezihlukene, ngayinye yazo izodingidwa ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi:

1. Ukulungiselela

2. Ikhokhasi Elinganiselwe

3. IKhokhasi Engamodareyithiwe

4. Isethulo kanye Nokuvota

Ukulungiselela

Kubalulekile ukuza uzilungiselele izingqungquthela ze-Model UN. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokulungiselela ingqungquthela ye-Model UN siqukethe ucwaningo. Izihambeli ngokuvamile zicwaninga ngomlando wezwe lazo, uhulumeni, izinqubomgomo, kanye nezindinganiso. Ukwengeza, izihambeli zikhuthazwa ukuba zifunde izihloko ezabelwe ikomiti yazo. Ngokujwayelekile, ikomidi lizoba nezihloko ezi-2, kodwa inani lezihloko lingahluka ngokwenkomfa.

Isiqalo esihle socwaningo yi- isiqondiso sangemuva, ehlinzekwa yisizindalwazi senkomfa. Eminye imithombo yocwaningo ebalulekile ingezansi.

Amathuluzi Okucwaninga Okujwayelekile:

■ UN.org

■ I-United Nations Digital Library

■ Iqoqo Lesivumelwano Sezizwe Ezihlangene

■ Izindaba zeZizwe Ezihlangene

Ulwazi Oluqondile Lwezwe:

■ I-CIA World Factbook

■ Izithunywa Ezihlala Phambili kuNhlangano Yezizwe

■ Amawebhusayithi Enxusa

Izindaba Nemicimbi Yamanje:

■ BBC Country Profiles

■ Al Jazeera

■ AmaReuters

■ I-Economist

■ I-Atlantic

Ucwaningo Lwenqubomgomo kanye Nezemfundo:

■ I-Human Rights Watch

■ I-Amnesty International

■ UMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Nangaphandle

■ Isikhungo saseBrookings

■ Izindlu e- Chatham

■ I-Carnegie Endowment

Izingqungquthela eziningi zidinga izithunywa ukuthi zilethe ucwaningo/ukulungiselela kwazo ngendlela ye-a iphepha lokumisa (owaziwa nangokuthi a iphepha elimhlophe), indaba emfushane ecacisa ukuma kwesithunywa (njengommeleli wezwe lakubo), ebonisa ucwaningo nokuqonda udaba, iphakamisa izisombululo ezingaba khona ezihambisana nokuma kwesithunywa, futhi isiza ukuqondisa ingxoxo phakathi nengqungquthela. Iphepha lesikhundla liyindlela enhle yokuqinisekisa ukuthi isithunywa silungiselelwa ikomidi futhi sinolwazi olwanele lwasemuva. Iphepha elilodwa lesikhundla kufanele libhalwe esihlokweni ngasinye.

Isithunywa kufanele siphathe zonke izinto zabo ngedijithali ocingweni lomuntu siqu (njengethebhulethi noma ikhompuyutha), iphepha eliphrintiwe, amanothi ocwaningo, amapeni, amaphepha, amanothi anamathelayo, namanzi. Izithunywa ziyatuswa ukuthi zingasebenzisi izinto ezikhishwe isikole ngoba zingaholela ezinkingeni ngokwabelana ngamadokhumenti aku-inthanethi nezinye izithunywa phakathi nekomiti. Ikhodi yokugqoka ejwayelekile yeNgqungquthela ye-Model UN i-Western Business Attire.

I-Moderated Caucus

Ingqungquthela iqala nge ucingo, esungula ukuba khona kwezithunywa futhi enquma ukuthi ikhoramu kuhlangatshezwana nayo. Ikhoramu inombolo evamile yezithunywa ezidingekayo ukuze kubanjwe iseshini yekomidi. Uma kubizwa igama lezwe labo, izithunywa zingaphendula ngokuthi "imanje" noma "ikhona nokuvota". Uma isithunywa sikhetha ukuphendula ngokuthi "imanje", singase singavoti kamuva ekomitini, okuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu. Uma isithunywa sikhetha ukuphendula ngokuthi "okwamanje nokuvota", kungenzeka singakugodli ukuvota kamuva ekomitini, okubonisa ukuzibophezela okuqinile ekuthatheni isinqumo esicacile endabeni ngayinye okuxoxwa ngayo. Izihambeli ezintsha zikhuthazwa ukuthi ziphendule ngokuthi "okwamanje" ngenxa yokuguquguquka okunikezwa impendulo.

A ikhokhasi elinganiselwe iwuhlobo lwenkulumo-mpikiswano oluhlelekile olusetshenziselwa ukugxilisa ingxoxo esihlokwaneni esisodwa esithile ngaphakathi kwe-ajenda ebanzi. Phakathi nale khokhasi, izithunywa zinikeza izinkulumo mayelana nesihlokwana, okuvumela ikomidi lonke ukuthi liqonde isikhundla esiyingqayizivele somuntu ngamunye futhi lithole abangaba abangabambisene nabo. Isihloko esincane sokuqala sekomidi ngokuvamile inkulumo-mpikiswano esemthethweni, lapho isithunywa ngasinye sixoxa ngezihloko eziyinhloko, inqubomgomo kazwelonke, kanye nesikhundla sazo. Ezinye izici ezibalulekile zekhokhasi elinganiselwe yilezi:

1. Kugxilwe esihlokweni: kuvumela izithunywa ukuthi zingene zijule odabeni olulodwa

2. Yenganyelwe yi- i-dais (umuntu noma iqembu labantu abaphethe ikomidi) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhleleka nokuhlelekile. Eminye imithwalo yemfanelo yenkundla ihlanganisa ukuphatha ikhoramu, ukumodareyitha ingxoxo, ukuqaphela izikhulumi, ukwenza ucingo lokugcina ngezinqubo, izinkulumo zesikhathi, ukuqondisa ukugeleza kwenkulumo-mpikiswano, ukwengamela ukuvota, nokunquma imiklomelo.

3. Okuphakanyiswe yizithunywa: Noma yisiphi isithunywa singakwazi umnyakazo (ukucela ikomidi ukuthi lenze isenzo esithile) kwikhokhasi elinganiselwe ngokucacisa isihloko, isikhathi esiphelele, nesikhathi sokukhuluma. Isibonelo, uma isithunywa sithi, "Isiphakamiso sekhokhasi elinganisiwe yemizuzu engu-9 nesikhathi sokukhuluma esiyimizuzwana engama-45 mayelana noxhaso olungase lube khona ukuze luvumelane nesimo sezulu," usanda kuphakamisa ikhokhasi enesihloko sokuthi kungenzeka yini uxhaso lokuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu. Ikhokhasi yabo ephakanyisiwe izohlala imizuzu eyi-9 futhi isithunywa ngasinye sizokwazi ukukhuluma imizuzwana engama-45. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iziphakamiso zicelwa kuphela uma ikhokhasi yangaphambilini isidlulile (ngaphandle uma ukunyakaza kuwukumisa ikhokhasi yamanje). Konke ukunyakaza okungenzeka kufakwe ohlwini ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Ingxubevange" yalo mhlahlandlela.

Uma sekuphakanyiswe iziphakamiso ezimbalwa, ikomiti lizovotela ukuthi yisiphi isiphakamiso elifuna siphasiswe. Isiphakamiso sokuqala ukuthola a iningi elilula amavoti (ngaphezu kwengxenye yamavoti) azophasiswa futhi ikhokhasi emodareyithiwe ephakanyiselwe izoqala. Uma kungekho siphakamiso esithola iningi elilula, izithunywa zenza iziphakamiso ezintsha futhi inqubo yokuvota iphinda kuze kube yilapho umuntu ethola iningi elilula.

Ekuqaleni kwekhokhasi elinganiselwe, i-dais izokhetha a uhlu lwesikhulumi, okuwuhlu lwezithunywa ezizokhuluma ngesikhathi sekhokhasi eyenganyelwe. Isithunywa esiphakamise ikhokhasi eyenganyelwe yamanje siyakwazi ukukhetha ukuthi siyafuna yini ukukhuluma kuqala noma okokugcina phakathi naleyo khakhasi.

Isithunywa singase Veza isikhathi sabo sokukhuluma phakathi nekhokhasi elinganiselwe kungaba yilesi: inkundla (isikhathi esisele siyekiwe), esinye isithunywa (sivumela esinye isithunywa ukuba sikhulume ngaphandle kokuba ohlwini lwesikhulumi), noma imibuzo (kunikeza isikhathi sokuba ezinye izihambeli zibuze imibuzo).

Izithunywa zingathumela futhi a inothi (iphepha) kwezinye izihambeli ngesikhathi sekhokhasi elinganiselwe ngokuyidlulisela kumamukeli. Lawa manothi ayindlela yokufinyelela kubantu isithunywa esingafuna ukusebenza nabo kamuva ekomitini. Izihambeli azikhuthazwa ukuthumela amanothi phakathi nenkulumo yomunye isithunywa, njengoba kuthathwa njengokungahloniphi.

I-Unmoderated Caucus

An ikhokhasi engalinganiselwe iwuhlobo lwengxoxo oluhlelwe kancane lapho izithunywa zishiya izihlalo zazo bese zenza amaqembu nezinye izithunywa ezinesikhundla esifanayo noma ukuma kwazo. Iqembu laziwa ngokuthi a ibhulokhi, kwakheka ngokuqashelwa kwezinkulumo ezifanayo ngesikhathi sekhokhasi elinganiselwe noma ngokuxhumana phakathi kwamakhokhasi kusetshenziswa amanothi. Kwesinye isikhathi, amabhulokhi azokwakheka ngenxa ye ukunxenxa, okuwuhlelo olungakahleleki lokwakha ubudlelwano nezinye izithunywa ngaphandle noma ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ikomidi. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ikhokhasi engalinganiselwe icishe yenzeke ngemva kokuba sekudlule amakhokhasi ambalwa alinganisiwe. Noma yimuphi isithunywa singaphakamisa ikhokhasi engalinganiselwe ngokucacisa isikhathi esiphelele.

Uma amabhlogo esenziwe, izithunywa zizoqala ukubhala a iphepha lokusebenza, esebenza njengohlaka lokuphela kwezixazululo abafuna ukuzibona zisebenza ngomzamo wokuxazulula isihloko okuxoxwa ngaso. Izithunywa eziningi zinikela ngezisombululo nemibono yazo ephepheni lokusebenza, ziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwi nemibono kuyezwakala. Kodwa-ke, izixazululo ezibhalwe ephepheni lokusebenza kulindeleke ukuthi zisebenze ndawonye, noma ngabe zihlukile. Uma izixazululo ezihlukahlukene zingasebenzi kahle ndawonye, ibhulokhi kufanele ihlukaniswe ibe amabhulokhi amancane amaningi ngokugxila okukhethekile nokukodwa.

Ngemuva kwamakhokhasi amaningi angahloliwe, iphepha lokusebenza lizoba yi- iphepha lesinqumo, okuwuhlaka lokugcina. Ifomethi yephepha lesinqumo iyafana nephepha elimhlophe (bheka Indlela Yokubhala Iphepha Elimhlophe). Ingxenye yokuqala yephepha lesinqumo yilapho izithunywa zibhala khona a isigatshana preambulatory. Lezi zigaba zomthetho zisho inhloso yephepha lesinqumo. Iphepha elisele linikezelwe ekubhaleni izixazululo, okufanele zicace ngangokunokwenzeka. Amaphepha esinqumo ngokuvamile anabaxhasi nabasayinayo. A umxhasi uyisithunywa esibambe iqhaza elikhulu ephepheni lesinqumo futhi saqhamuka nemibono eminingi esemqoka (imvamisa izithunywa ezi-2-5). A osayinayo uyisithunywa esisize ekubhaleni iphepha lesinqumo noma isithunywa esivela kwenye i-bloc efuna ukubona iphepha elethulwa futhi livotelwe. Ngokuvamile, awukho umkhawulo kwabasayinayo.

Isethulo kanye Nokuvota

Inqobo nje uma iphepha lesinqumo linabaxhasi abanele nabasayinayo (okungenani kuyahluka ngokwenkomfa), abaxhasi bazokwazi ukwethula iphepha lesinqumo kulo lonke ikomidi. Abanye abaxhasi bazofunda iphepha lesinqumo (banikeze isethulo) kanti abanye bazohlanganyela kuseshini ye-Q&A kanye negumbi lonke.

Uma zonke izethulo seziqediwe, zonke izithunywa ekomitini zizovota ephepheni ngalinye lesinqumo elethulwa (ngokuthi “yebo”, “cha”, “zigweme” [ngaphandle kwalapho isithunywa siphendule obizweni ngokuthi "okwamanje nokuvota"], "yebo ngamalungelo" [kuchaza ivoti ngemva], "cha ngamalungelo" [kuchaza ivoti ngemva kwevoti], noma "liphumelele okwesikhashana" Uma iphepha lithola amavoti amaningi, lizophasiswa.

Ngezinye izikhathi, i ukuchitshiyelwa kungase kuphakanyiswe iphepha lesinqumo, elingasebenza njengesivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu amabili ezithunywa. A isichibiyelo esinobungane (okuvunyelwa yibo bonke abaxhasi) kungaphasiswa ngaphandle kokuvota. An isichibiyelo esingenabungane (okungavunyelwene ngabo bonke abaxhasi) kudinga ivoti lekomiti kanye neningi elilula ukuze kuphasiswe. Uma wonke amaphepha esevotelwe, lonke uhlelo lwekomidi loMhlangano Jikelele luyaphinda esihlokweni ngasinye sekomidi kuze kube zonke izihloko sezidingidwe. Kuleli qophelo, ikomiti liyaphela.

Okunhlobonhlobo

I okuhamba phambili kwe-motion order inquma ukuthi yikuphi ukunyakaza okubaluleke kakhulu nokuthi yikuphi ukunyakaza okuvotelwa kuqala lapho ukunyakaza okuningi kuphakanyiswa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukwandulela kwe-motion order limi kanje: Iphuzu Lokuhleleka (ulungisa amaphutha enqubo), Iphuzu Lomuntu Siqu Ilungelo (ikhuluma ngokuphatheka kabi komuntu siqu noma isidingo ngaleso sikhathi), Iphuzu le Uphenyo lwasePhalamende (ubuza umbuzo ocacisayo mayelana nomthetho noma inqubo), Nyakazisa ku Uhlehlise Umhlangano (uphetha iseshini yekomiti yosuku noma unomphela [uma kuyiseshini yokugcina yekomidi]), Isiphakamiso Sokumisa Umhlangano (umisa ikomidi ngesidlo sasemini noma sekhefu), Isiphakamiso Sokumisa Inkulumo-mpikiswano (uphetha inkulumo-mpikiswano ngesihloko ngaphandle kokuvotela kuso), Nyakazisa ku Vala Inkulumo-mpikiswano (uqeda uhlu lwesikhulumi bese eqhubekela enqubweni yokuvota), Umnyakazo Wokusetha i- I-ajenda (ukhetha ukuthi yisiphi isihloko okumele sixoxwe ngaso kuqala [ngokuvamile siphakanyiswe ekuqaleni kwekomiti]), Isiphakamiso seKhakhasi Elinganyelwe, Isiphakamiso seKhakhasi Engamodered, futhi Umnyakazo Wokushintsha Isikhathi Sokukhuluma (ulungisa ukuthi isikhulumi singakhuluma isikhathi esingakanani ngesikhathi senkulumompikiswano). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi a iphuzu, isicelo esiphakanyiswe yisithunywa sokuthola ulwazi noma isenzo esiphathelene nesithunywa, singenziwa ngaphandle kokuthi lowo othunyiwe abizwe.

A supermajority iyiningi lapho kudingeka khona amavoti angaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu. Ama-Supermajorities ayadingeka ukuze a isinqumo esikhethekile (noma yini inkundla ibona ibucayi noma ibucayi), izichibiyelo zamaphepha esinqumo, izinguquko eziphakanyisiwe zenqubo, ukumiswa kwenkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nesihloko ukuze kudlulele ngokushesha ekuvoteni, ukuvuselelwa kwesihloko ebesibekwe eceleni ngaphambili, noma Ukuhlukaniswa kombuzo (ukuvotela izingxenye zephepha lesinqumo ngokwehlukana).

A ukunyakaza kwe-dilatory isiphakamiso esithathwa njengokuphazamisayo futhi esenziwe ngenhloso eyodwa yokuvimbela ukuhamba kwenkulumo-mpikiswano nekomidi. Badikibala kakhulu ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kahle nokuhlobisa. Ezinye izibonelo zokunyakaza kokulula zihambisa kabusha ukunyakaza okuhlulekile ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi ushintsho olukhulu noma ukwethula ukunyakaza ukuze nje kumoshwe isikhathi. I-dais inamandla okubusa ukunyakaza njengokuhlehlisa ngokusekelwe kunhloso yaso kanye nesikhathi. Uma ilawulwa i-dilatory, ukunyakaza kuzitshwa futhi kulahlwa.

Ukuvota okujwayelekile okubalulwe kulo mhlahlandlela ngu ukuvota okubambekayo, okuvumela ukuthi "yebo", "cha", kanye "nokuyeka" (ngaphandle kwalapho isithunywa siphendule ucingo ngokuthi "okwamanje nokuvota"), "yebo ngamalungelo" (ichaza ivoti ngemva kwalokho), "cha ngamalungelo" (ichaza ivoti ngemva kwalokho), noma "iphumelele" (ibambezela ivoti okwesikhashana). Inqubo vdubula wuhlobo lokuvota okungekho muntu ongagodla kukho. Ezinye izibonelo ukusetha i-ajenda, ukuya kwikhokhasi elinganiselwe noma engalinganiselwe, ukuhlela noma ukulungisa isikhathi sokukhuluma, kanye nokuvalwa kwenkulumo-mpikiswano. Roll call ukuvota kuwuhlobo lokuvota lapho inkundla ibiza igama lezwe ngalinye ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu futhi izihambeli ziphendula ngevoti lazo elinamandla.

Inhlonipho Nokuziphatha

Kubalulekile ukuhlonipha ezinye izithunywa, inkundla, nengqungquthela yonkana. Kwenziwa umzamo omkhulu ekudaleni nasekuqhubeni yonke ingqungquthela ye-Model UN, ngakho izithunywa kufanele zenze umzamo wazo omuhle kakhulu emsebenzini wazo futhi zifake isandla ekomitini ngangokunokwenzeka.

Uhlu lwamagama

● Ukuchitshiyelwa: Ukubuyekezwa kwengxenye yephepha lesinqumo elingasebenza njengokuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu amabili ezithunywa.

● Umhlahlandlela wangemuva: Umhlahlandlela wocwaningo onikezwe iwebhusayithi yenkomfa; isiqalo esihle sokulungiselela ikomidi.

● Ibhulogi: Iqembu lezithunywa ezinesimo esifanayo noma ukuma odabeni. ● Ikomidi: Iqembu lezithunywa elihlangana ndawonye ukuze lixoxe futhi lixazulule isihloko esithile noma uhlobo lodaba.

● I-Dais: Umuntu noma iqembu labantu abaphethe ikomidi.

● Isithunywa: Umfundi owabelwe ukumela izwe.

● I-Dilatory Motion: Isiphakamiso esithathwa njengokuphazamisayo, esihlongozwe kuphela ukuvimbela ukuhamba kwenkulumo-mpikiswano noma ukuqhubeka kwekomidi.

● Ukuhlukaniswa kombuzo: Ukuvotela izingxenye zephepha lesinqumo ngokwehlukana.

● Inkulumo-mpikiswano Esemthethweni: Inkulumompikiswano ehlelekile (efana nekhakhasi elinganiselwe) lapho isithunywa ngasinye sixoxa ngezihloko eziyinhloko, inqubomgomo kazwelonke, nesimo sezwe laso.

● Ukunxenxa: Inqubo engakahleleki yokwakha ubudlelwano nezinye izithunywa ngaphambi noma ngaphandle kwamaseshini amakomidi asemthethweni.

● Imodeli ye-UN: Ukulingisa kweZizwe Ezihlangene.

● Ingqungquthela ye-UN yemodeli: Umcimbi lapho abafundi benza khona njengezithunywa, abamele amazwe abelwe wona.

● I-Caucus Elinganiselwe: Indlela ehlelekile yenkulumo-mpikiswano igxile esihlokweni esincane esisodwa ngaphakathi kwe-ajenda ebanzi.

● Ukunyakaza: Isicelo esisemthethweni sokuthi ikomidi lenze isenzo esithile.

● I-Motion Order Precedence: Ukuhleleka kokubaluleka kokunyakaza, okusetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi yikuphi okuvotwa kuqala lapho kuphakanyiswa iziphakamiso eziningi.

● Isiphakamiso seKhakhasi Elinganyelwe: Isiphakamiso esicela ikhokhasi elinganiselwe.

● Isiphakamiso seKhakhasi Engahloliwe: Isiphakamiso esicela ikhokhasi engagadiwe. ● Isiphakamiso Sokumisa Inkulumo-mpikiswano: Iphetha ingxoxo ngesihloko ngaphandle kokudlulela evotini.

● Isiphakamiso Sokuhlehlisa Umhlangano: Iphetha iseshini yekomidi yosuku noma unomphela (uma kuyiseshini yokugcina).

● Isiphakamiso Sokushintsha Isikhathi Sokukhuluma: Ilungisa ukuthi isikhulumi ngasinye singakhuluma isikhathi esingakanani ngesikhathi senkulumompikiswano.

● Isiphakamiso Sokuvala Inkulumo-mpikiswano: Iphetha uhlu lwesikhulumi bese ihambisa ikomidi enqubweni yokuvota.

● Isiphakamiso Sokusetha I-Ajenda: Ukhetha ukuthi yisiphi isihloko okumele sixoxe ngaso kuqala (esivame ukuphakanyiswa ekuqaleni kwekomidi).

● Isiphakamiso Sokumisa Umhlangano: Imisa isikhashana iseshini yekomidi ngesikhathi sekhefu noma isidlo sasemini.

● Qaphela: Ipheshana elincane eladlula phakathi kwezithunywa phakathi nekhokhasi elinganiselwe

● Iphuzu: Isicelo esiphakanyiswe yisithunywa sokuthola ulwazi noma isenzo esihlobene nesithunywa; kungenziwa ngaphandle kokuqashelwa.

● Iphuzu le-oda: Isetshenziselwa ukulungisa iphutha lenqubo.

● Iphuzu Lophenyo lwasePhalamende: Isetshenziselwa ukubuza umbuzo ocacisayo mayelana nemithetho noma inqubo.

● Iphuzu Lelungelo Lomuntu Siqu: Isetshenziselwa ukubhekana nokungakhululeki komuntu siqu noma isidingo. ● Iphepha Lesikhundla: I-eseyi emfushane ecacisa ukuma kwesithunywa, ekhombisa ucwaningo, iphakamisa izixazululo ezihambisanayo, futhi iqondise ingxoxo yekomidi.

● Ukuvota Kwenqubo: Uhlobo lwevoti okungekho sithunywa esingagodla kulo.

● Ikhoramu: Inani elincane lezithunywa ezidingekayo ukuze ikomiti liqhubeke.

● Iphepha Lesixazululo: Uhlaka lokugcina lwezixazululo ezihlongozwayo izithunywa ezifuna zisetshenziswe ukuze kubhekwane nodaba.

● Roll Call: Ukuhlolwa kwabakhona ekuqaleni kweseshini ukuze kutholwe ikhoramu.

● Roll Call Ukuvota: Ivoti lapho i-dais ibiza izwe ngalinye ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu futhi izihambeli ziphendula ngevoti lazo elinamandla.

● Osayinileyo: Isithunywa esisize ekubhaleni iphepha lesinqumo noma elisekela ukwethula nokuvotelwa kwalo.

● Ubuningi obulula: Ngaphezu kwengxenye yamavoti.

● Uhlu Lwezikhulumi: Uhlu lwezithunywa ezihlelelwe ukukhuluma phakathi nekhokhasi elinganiselwe.

● Ukulungiswa Okukhethekile: Isinqumo esithathwa njengesibucayi noma esibucayi esiteji.

● Umxhasi: Isithunywa esibambe iqhaza elikhulu ephepheni lesinqumo futhi sabhala imibono yalo eminingi.

● Ukuvota Okubalulekile: Ukuvota okuvumela izimpendulo ezinjengokuthi yebo, cha, uyeke (ngaphandle uma kuphawulwe ngokuthi "okwamanje nokuvota"), yebo ngamalungelo, cha ngamalungelo, noma ukuphasa.

● I-Supermajority: Iningi elidinga amavoti angaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu.

● I-Caucus Engahloliwe: Ifomethi yenkulumompikiswano engahleleke kangako lapho izithunywa zihamba ngokukhululeka ukuze zakhe amaqembu futhi zihlanganyele ezisombululweni.

● Iphepha Elimhlophe: Elinye igama lephepha lesikhundla.

● Iphepha Lokusebenza: Uhlaka lwezixazululo ezihlongozwayo ezizogcina seziyiphepha lesinqumo.

● Veza: Isenzo sokudela isikhathi esisele sokukhuluma somuntu esiteji, esinye isithunywa, noma semibuzo.

Libhalwa Kanjani Iphepha Elimhlophe

Amaphepha amhlophe kufanele abe amakhasi angu-1-2 ubude, abe nefonti ye-Times New Roman (12 pt), abe nesikhala esisodwa, kanye namamajini ayi-intshi engu-1. Phezulu kwesokunxele sephepha lesikhundla sakho, isithunywa kufanele sicacise ikomidi laso, isihloko, izwe, uhlobo lwephepha, igama eligcwele, nesikole (uma sikhona).

Isigaba sokuqala sephepha elimhlophe kufanele sigxile olwazini lwasemuva kanye nomongo womhlaba jikelele. Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele afakwe uwukubuka kafushane ngodaba lomhlaba wonke, izibalo ezibalulekile, umongo womlando, kanye/noma izenzo ze-UN. Izithunywa ziyakhuthazwa ukuthi zicacise ngangokunokwenzeka kulesi sigaba.

Isigaba sesibili sephepha elimhlophe kufanele sisho ngokucacile ukuthi izwe lesithunywa lime kuphi ngesihloko futhi sichaze ukucabanga kwezwe. Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele afakwe umbono wezwe ezicini ezibalulekile zendaba (ezo, ngokumelene, noma phakathi), izizathu zesimo sezwe (ezomnotho, ezokuphepha, ezombusazwe, njll.), kanye/noma izitatimende ezisemthethweni ezedlule, umlando wokuvota, noma izinqubomgomo zikazwelonke ezifanele.

Isigaba sesithathu sephepha elimhlophe kufanele sinikeze izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo, ezinengqondo ezihambisana nezintshisakalo, izimiso, kanye nezimiso zezwe. Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele afakwe iziphakamiso ezithile zezivumelwano, izinhlelo, imithethonqubo, noma ukubambisana, iminikelo yezezimali, yobuchwepheshe noma yobunxusa, kanye/noma izixazululo zesifunda noma ubambiswano.

Isigaba sesine sephepha elimhlophe yisiphetho, okungakhethwa kukho. Inhloso yalesi sigaba ukukhombisa ukuthi izwe lesithunywa liyabambisana futhi ligxile ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Lesi sigaba kufanele siqinisekise ukuzibophezela kwezwe ezinhlosweni zekomidi, ukuzimisela ukusebenzisana nezizwe ezithile noma ama-blocs, futhi sigcizelele ukuxoxisana nezenzo ezihlangene.

Amanye amathiphu avamile lapho kubhalwa iphepha elimhlophe ukuthi izithunywa kufanele zenze ucwaningo olunzulu (njengoba kuboniswe ku-General Assembly), zibhale ngokombono wezwe lakubo—hhayi zona ngokwazo—zisebenzise ulimi oluhlelekile, zigweme umuntu okhuluma yedwa (ukuzibiza ngegama lezwe lazo), zicaphune imithombo esemthethweni yeZizwe Ezihlangene ukuze zithembeke, futhi zilandele imihlahlandlela eqondene nengqungquthela.

Isibonelo Iphepha Elimhlophe #1

I-SPECPOL

I-Iraq

Isihloko A: Ukuqinisekisa Ukuphepha Kokukhiqizwa Kwe-athomu

James Smith

Isikole samabanga aphezulu saseMelika

Ngokomlando, i-Iraq iphishekele amandla enuzi njengendlela yokulungisa ukucisha kukagesi okukhubaza okukhungethe iningi lezwe. Nakuba i-Iraq okwamanje ingawalandeli amandla enuzi, sisesimweni esiyingqayizivele sokufakaza ngomphumela wokungenelela kwe-UN ezinhlelweni zenuzi. Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaSaddam Hussein, i-Iraq yalandela uhlelo lwenuzi, olwabhekana nokuphikiswa okukhulu kwemibuso yaseNtshonalanga, okuyi-United States. Ngenxa yalokhu kuphikiswa, i-Iraq yayibhekene nokuhlolwa okungaguquki, okunonya kwezindawo zayo yi-UN. Ngaphandle kokuba khona kwe-Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, lokhu kuhlolwa kusengenzeka. Baphazamisa ngokuphelele ikhono le-Iraq lokuphishekela amandla enuzi njengendlela esebenzayo. Ikhono elibalulekile laleli komiti ukunquma imithethonqubo kanye nokuphoqelelwa okulandelayo kwemithethonqubo yamandla enuzi. Njengoba amandla enuzi anomgoqo wokungena ophansi kakhulu kunalowo owawunawo ngokomlando, amazwe amaningi manje abheka amandla enuzi njengomthombo wamandla oshibhile. Ngalokhu kunyuka kokusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi, kufanele kubekwe imithetho efanele ukuqinisekisa kokubili ukuchuma komnotho wamazwe kanye nokuphepha okufanele kwalezi zikhungo.

I-Iraq ikholelwa ukuthi ukulawulwa nokuqiniswa kokuphepha kwenuzi kwezizwe kufanele kushiyelwe kohulumeni bazo, ngokwesekwa nokuqondiswa yi-International Atomic Energy Agency. Ukulawulwa ngokweqile kungaphazamisa ngokuphelele indlela yezwe ebheke emandleni enuzi, futhi i-Iraq ikholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukuzilawula, ngokuqondiswa nokwengamela, kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokusiza amazwe endleleni yawo ebheke emandleni enuzi. Kusukela ohlelweni lwayo lwenuzi ngeminyaka yawo-1980s, olwamiswa ngokuphelele ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe nokuqhuma kwamabhomu, kuya ezinhlelweni zokwakha iziphehlisi ezintsha kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo ukuze kubhekwane nokunqamuka kukagesi e-Iraq, i-Iraq isesimweni esihle sokuxoxa ngenkambo efanele yokulawula amandla enuzi. I-Iraq ineyayo Ikhomishini Yamandla E-athomu eqondisa futhi yengamele izinhlelo zamandla enuzi, futhi kakade ineziqondiso eziqinile mayelana nendlela amandla enuzi agcinwa futhi asetshenziswa ngayo. Lokhu kubeka i-Iraq esimeni esihle kakhulu sokwakha uhlelo oluqinile nolusetshenzekayo lokuthi i-UN kufanele ibhekane kanjani nemithetho yenuzi.

Ukuze kuhloswe ukweseka uguquko lwamazwe aseNtshonalanga hhayi nje kuphela, kodwa amazwe asathuthuka abe namandla enuzi, leli komiti kumele ligxile ekulinganiseni ukulawulwa nokwengamela okwanele kwezikhali zenuzi ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe ukuze lingavimbi ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi, kodwa kunalokho liwuqondise futhi liwusekele. Kuze kube manje, i-Iraq ikholelwa ukuthi izinqumo kufanele zigcizelele izindawo ezintathu ezibalulekile: eyokuqala, ukuthuthukisa kanye nokusiza ekusungulweni kwamakhomishana anamandla enuzi aqhutshwa yizwe ngalinye elakha amandla enuzi. Okwesibili, ukuqhubeka nokuqondisa kanye nokuqondisa ama-ejensi kazwelonke aqondise amandla enuzi ekuthuthukisweni kweziphehlisi ezintsha ze-nuclear, kanye nokugcina iziphehlisi zamanje. Okwesithathu, ukweseka izinhlelo zenuzi zamazwe ngemali, ukusiza ukuguqukela kumandla enuzi, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo somnotho sinjani, angaqhubeka ngokuphepha ukukhiqiza amandla enuzi.

Isibonelo Iphepha Elimhlophe #2

I-SPECPOL

I-Iraq

Isihloko B: I-Neocolonialism Yosuku Lwanamuhla

James Smith

Isikole samabanga aphezulu saseMelika

I-Iraq izibonele mathupha umthelela omubi i-neocolonialism enawo emazweni asathuthuka. Amazwe amaningi angomakhelwane bethu eMpumalanga Ephakathi umnotho wawo untengantenga ngenhloso, futhi imizamo yokuthuthukisa iye yavinjwa, konke ukuze kugcinwe abasebenzi abashibhile nezinsiza ezixhashazwa amazwe aseNtshonalanga. I-Iraq ngokwayo iye yabhekana nalokhu, njengoba isizwe sakithi siye sabhekana nochungechunge lokuhlaselwa kanye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kuze kube ngale kuka-2010. Ngenxa yalolu dlame oluqhubekayo, amaqembu aphikisayo abambe iqhaza ezingxenyeni ezinkulu ze-Iraq, izakhamuzi zethu eziningi zihlala zimpofu, futhi izikweletu ezikhubazayo zibukela phansi noma yimuphi umzamo wokuthuthukisa izimo zomnotho e-Iraq. Lezi zithiyo zikhulise kakhulu ukuthembela kwethu emazweni angaphandle ukuze sihwebe, sisize, siboleke imali, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Izindaba ezicishe zifane nezethu azikho e-Iraq naseMpumalanga Ephakathi kuphela kodwa nasemazweni amaningi asathuthuka emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba la mazwe asathuthuka kanye nezakhamuzi zawo beqhubeka bexhashazwa, kufanele kuthathwe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze kulungiswe ukulawula amandla acebile anakho kanye nobunzima bezomnotho obuhambisana naso.

Esikhathini esedlule, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene yazama ukunqanda ukuthembela kwezomnotho amazwe asathuthuka anakho emazweni athuthukile, okungukuthi ngokugcizelela ukubaluleka kwengqalasizinda kanye nokuqashwa okuhloniphekile ekuzimeleni kwezomnotho. I-Iraq ikholelwa ukuthi nakuba lezi zinhloso zingafezeka, kufanele zandiswe kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukuzimela kwezomnotho kufinyelelwa ngempela. Usizo olungasebenzi kahle noma olunganele lwandisa ukuncika emazweni angaphandle, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni okuncane, izinga lokuphila eliphansi, kanye nemiphumela yezomnotho embi kakhulu. Kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwe-Iraq ngo-1991 kuya ekuhlaselweni iminyaka eyi-8 e-Iraq, okwahlala kwaze kwaba ngu-2011, kanye neminyaka elandelayo yezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe kanye nokuntengantenga komnotho okuholela ekuthembeleni kwamanye amazwe, i-Iraq isesimweni esihle sokukhuluma ngendlela usizo okufanele lubukeke ngayo emazweni asathuthuka athembele kakhulu emazweni athuthukile.

Ukuze kuhloswe ukusekela ukuchuma kwezomnotho kwamazwe asathuthuka, nokunciphisa ukuncika kwawo emazweni angaphandle ukuze bathole usizo, ukuhwebelana, ukubolekwa imali, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, leli komiti kumele ligxile ekwehliseni i-imperialism yezomnotho, ukukhawulela ukugxambukela kwezizwe kwezombusazwe phakathi kwezinye izizwe, kanye nokuzimela kwezomnotho. Kuze kube manje, i-Iraq ikholelwa ukuthi izinqumo kufanele zigcizelele a

uhlaka oluphindwe kane: olulodwa, ukukhuthaza ukukhululeka kwezikweletu noma izinhlelo zokumisa isikhashana izikweletu emazweni anezikweletu zawo zangaphandle ezivimbela ukukhula komnotho. Okwesibili, ungakhuthazi ithonya lezombangazwe phakathi kwezinye izizwe ngezempi noma ezinye izenzo ezivimbela intando yeningi kanye nentando yezakhamuzi. Okwesithathu, ukukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese endaweni, okuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi nentuthuko, ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukukhula komnotho kanye nokuzimela. Okwesine, ungakhuthazi ukuxhaswa ngezimali noma ukwesekwa kwamaqembu ezidlamlilo kwezinye izizwe azama ukuhlwitha amandla kuhulumeni okhethwe ngokwentando yeningi.

Isibonelo Iphepha Elimhlophe #3

I-World Health Organization

i-United Kingdom

Isihloko B: I-Universal Health Coverage

James Smith

Isikole samabanga aphezulu saseMelika

Ngokomlando, i-United Kingdom iphokophele izinguquko ezithinta ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okufika kude ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zonke izakhamizi, kungakhathalekile izigaba, uhlanga, noma ubulili, ziyafinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo. I-U.K. ibilokhu iyingqalabutho yokubhekelela impilo yonke kusukela ngo-1948, ngesikhathi kusungulwa iNational Health Service. Imodeli yaseBrithani yokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwendawo yonke ilandelwe amazwe amaningi afuna ukuthuthukisa izinsizakalo zezempilo zomphakathi futhi isize mathupha amazwe afuna ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zawo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo. I-U.K. isize ekuthuthukiseni amasistimu okuvikela ezempilo emhlabeni wonke emazweni omhlaba wonke futhi isithuthukise uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngezempilo oluphumelela kakhulu lwezakhamizi zayo, oluqongelele ulwazi oluningi ngendlela efanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo eziqinile nezisebenzayo. Isici esibalulekile saleli komiti ukunquma inkambo eyiyo yokukhuthaza izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezihlanganisa umphakathi emazweni angenazo kakade, nokuhlinzeka ngosizo kulezi zizwe ngezinhlelo zazo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Njengoba ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kwendawo yonke kuya ngokuya kudingekile ukuze wonke amazwe akusebenzise, inkambo efanele yokugqugquzela izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke, kanye nohlobo losizo okufanele lunikezwe amazwe athuthukisa lezi zinhlelo kuyizindaba ezicindezelayo.

I-U.K. ikholelwa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kokuhlinzekwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke emazweni anemali ephansi nephakathi kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kunezinhlaka zokusiza labo okungenzeka bangakwazi ukufinyelela kwezinye izinhlelo zezempilo. Ukuqaliswa okungasebenzi kahle kokunakekelwa kwezempilo phakathi kwezizwe ezisezingeni eliphansi naphakathi kungaholela ekwabiweni kokunakekelwa kwezempilo okusekelwe emandleni, esikhundleni sesidingo, okungase kube nzima kakhulu ubunzima obuvele bukhona ngokuhlinzeka ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo kubantu abampofu. I-U.K. ikholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukuhlanganisa usizo oluqondile kanye nohlaka olwakhelwe amazwe athile ukuze luwaqondise ekusikweni kwezempilo kwendawo yonke kungaholela amazwe ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo ezisebenza kahle nezisimeme zokuvikela impilo yonke. Ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwayo kokuthuthukisa izinguquko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke, kanye nentuthuko eyimpumelelo kanye nokugcinwa kokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwendawo yonke yezakhamuzi zayo, i-U.K. isesimweni esihle sokukhuluma ngokuthi iyiphi inkambo efanele yokusebenza nokuthi yiluphi usizo oludingekayo ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuhlinzekwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke emazweni omhlaba.

Ekuhloseni ukusekela ukuguquguquka kwamandla aseNtshonalanga kuphela, kodwa amazwe asathuthuka kanye namazwe anemali engenayo ephakathi / ephansi, leli komidi kumele ligxile ekulinganisweni kosizo oluqondile ezinhlelweni zezizwe zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nokusiza ekudaleni isakhiwo sezinhlelo eziqinile nezisebenzayo zokuhlinzeka ngezempilo emhlabeni wonke. Kuze kube manje, i-U.K. ikholelwa ukuthi izinqumo kufanele zigcizelele izinhlaka ezintathu: eyodwa, ukusiza ekuthuthukisweni kwezinsizakalo zezempilo ezijwayelekile ezweni ukulungiselela intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Okwesibili, hlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela kanye nohlaka oluhambisanayo izwe elingalulandela ukuze liguqule izinhlelo zezempilo ngokushelela ukuze lihlinzeke ngezempilo emhlabeni wonke. Okwesithathu, ukusiza ngokuqondile amazwe athuthukisa ukuvikeleka kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke ngemali, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazwe, kungakhathaliseki isimo somnotho, angakwazi ukunikeza usizo lwezempilo jikelele ezakhamuzini zawo.

Isibonelo Iphepha Elimhlophe #4

I-UNESCO

IDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste

Isihloko A: Ukuhlanganiswa Komculo

James Smith

Isikole samabanga aphezulu saseMelika

I-Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste inomlando ocebile wendabuko osukela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Umculo ubulokhu uyingxenye enkulu yobunikazi bezwe labantu base-Timorese, ngisho nokubamba iqhaza kunhlangano yenkululeko yase-Timorese evela e-Indonesia. Ngenxa yobukoloni bamaPutukezi nemisebenzi eminingi enobudlova, isiko nomculo omningi wendabuko waseTimor usubunile. Ukunyakaza kwakamuva kwenkululeko nokufuna kabusha kugqugquzele amaqembu omdabu amaningi ezweni lonke ukuthi avuselele amasiko awo. Le mizamo ize nobunzima obuphawulekayo, njengoba izinsimbi zomculo zaseTimor nezingoma zomdabu ziye zalahleka kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono labaculi baseTimore lokukhiqiza umculo liye laphazanyiswa kakhulu ubumpofu obukhungethe iningi lezwe. Abantu abangaphezu kuka-45% bakulesi siqhingi baphila ngobumpofu, okuvimbela ukufinyelela ezinsizeni ezidingekayo ukuze kugcinwe umculo ngaphakathi kwe-Timor-Leste. Lezi zinselelo azifani nabaculi base-Timor kuphela, kodwa zabelwa abaculi emhlabeni wonke. Abantu base-Australia base-Aboriginal, abaye babhekana nezinselele ezifanayo nalabo ababhekene nabaseTimorese, balahlekelwe ngu-98% womculo wabo wamasiko ngenxa yalokho. Umsebenzi obalulekile waleli komiti ukuhlinzeka ngosizo ekugcineni amagugu amasiko abantu emhlabeni wonke, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngamathuba emiphakathi ukwabelana ngamasiko abo ahlukile. Njengoba ithonya laseNtshonalanga landa ukubamba kwawo umculo emhlabeni wonke, ukulondoloza umculo ofa kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili.

I-Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste ikholelwa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zosizo emazweni angathuthukile nangamakoloni ukuze kusekelwe abaculi bomdabu kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ubunikazi bamasiko kanye nefa lomculo emhlabeni wonke. Ngokudlula kwayo imizamo eminingi yokweseka umculo wabomdabu baseTimorese, iTimor-Leste izamile ukuqinisa izinhlobo zomculo ezifayo okungezale miphakathi. Ngenxa yesimo sezomnotho esingesihle saseTimor-Leste futhi ilwela ukulondoloza inkululeko yayo ezizweni ezingomakhelwane eziyidlamlilo, lezi zinhlelo ziye zabhekana nezinselele ezinkulu, ezenziwe zaba zimbi nakakhulu ukuntuleka kwezimali nezinsiza. Ngesenzo esiqondile kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali yi-UN, okungukuthi ngesikhathi sokuzibusa kwe-Timor-Leste, izinhlelo zokuvuselela umculo waseTimorese zithole inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste ikholelwa ngokuqinile emthelela omuhle isenzo esiqondile kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali okungaba nawo emazweni angathuthukile. Lo mphumela awuzange ubonakale emculweni kuphela, kodwa nasekubumbaneni kwezwe kanye nobunikazi bamasiko wonkana. Ngesikhathi i-Timor-Leste ilwela inkululeko, usizo olunikezwa yi-UN lwasiza ekuvuseleleni amasiko ezweni, okuhlanganisa ubuciko, ulimi lwendabuko nomlando wamasiko. Ngenxa yokuqhubeka kwengxabano ka-Timor-Leste namafa omlando wobukoloni, ukwethulwa kwayo kwezinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko, kanye nemizamo yokuvuselela isiko lendabuko, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste isethubeni elihle lokukhuluma ngendlela engcono kakhulu yokulondoloza umculo emazweni abhekene nezinselele ezifanayo emhlabeni wonke.

Ngokuba ne-pragmatic ngangokunokwenzeka, kanye nokusebenzela ukukhiqiza izinqumo ezisebenzayo, leli komiti kumele ligxile ekuhlanganiseni usizo lwezezimali oluqondile, lihlinzeke ngemfundo nezinsiza zokuhlomisa amaciko, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezikhuthazo ngaphakathi kwemboni yomculo ukuze kuthuthukiswe umsebenzi kanye nethalente lamaciko amasiko angamelweli kahle. Kuze kube manje, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste ikholelwa ukuthi izinqumo kufanele zigcizelele izinhlaka ezintathu: okokuqala, ukudala izinhlelo zosizo oluqondile lapho izimali ezilawulwa yi-UN zingabelwa ngokufanelekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe umculo wamasiko ofayo. Okwesibili, ukusungula ukufinyelela emfundweni kanye nezinsiza zamaciko ukusiza ekulondolozeni nasekusabalaliseni umculo wamasiko abo. Okokugcina, ukuhlinzeka abaculi ngokuxhumana nabo embonini yomculo, kanye nokwenza lula izivumelwano phakathi kwamaciko nezikhondlakhondla zemboni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele, isinxephezelo, nokulondolozwa kanye nokongiwa kwezinhlobo zomculo ezifayo. Ngokugxila kulezi zenzo ezibalulekile, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste inethemba lokuthi leli komiti lingadlulisa isinqumo esingagcini nje ngokuvikela umculo onciphayo wamasiko ahlukahlukene, kodwa futhi siqinisekise ukuvikelwa kwamaciko ngokwawo, aqinisekise ukuqhubeka kwamasiko awo omculo abalulekile.

Isibonelo Iphepha Elimhlophe #5

I-UNESCO

IDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste

Isihloko B: Ukushushumbiswa Kwama-Artifact Amasiko

James Smith

Isikole samabanga aphezulu saseMelika

Njengoba nje ingane ilahlekelwa ingxenye yayo lapho umzali eshona, izizwe nabantu bazo babhekana nokulahlekelwa okukhulu lapho bephucwa amasiko abo. Ukungabi bikho akunaneli kuphela esikhaleni esibambekayo esishiywe ngemuva kodwa nasekucekeleni phansi buthule kobunikazi namagugu. IDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste ibhekane nomlando omubi ngendlela efanayo. Endleleni yayo ende nenzima yokuya ekubeni umbuso, i-Timor-Leste iye yabhekana nokuqoqwa kwamakoloni, udlame nokuqothulwa kohlanga. Kuwo wonke umlando wawo omude njengesiqhingi esicebe kakhulu emlandweni we-Lesser Sunda Islands, abantu bomdabu baseTimorese bakha imifanekiso eqoshiwe enemininingwane, izindwangu, kanye nezikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi zethusi. Ngemva kokuthatha amaPutukezi, amaDashi, futhi ekugcineni ama-Indonesia, lezi zinto zobuciko azisekho kulesi siqhingi, zibonakala kuphela eminyuziyamu yaseYurophu nase-Indonesia. Izinto zobuciko eziphangiwe ezindaweni zemivubukulo zase-Timorese zisekela imakethe emnyama echumayo ikakhulukazi eyenziwa abantu bendawo, abavame ukuhlala ngobumpofu. Isici esibalulekile saleli komiti ukusekela imizamo yezizwe yokulwa nobugebengu bezobuciko kanye nokusiza amazwe abuyise izinto zobuciko ezathathwa ngesikhathi sobukoloni. Njengoba ukuntshontshwa kwezobuciko kuqhubeka futhi amazwe asekoloni asakwazi ukulawula izinto zawo zobuciko zamasiko, ukwenza izinhlelo eziphelele zokusiza izizwe ekuvikeleni amasiko kanye nokushaya imithetho emisha mayelana nokubanjwa kwenkathi yamakholoni kuyizindaba ezicindezelayo.

I-Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste imela ngokuqinile ukuthuthukiswa komthetho omusha ofakazela amalungelo amazwe okubuyisela impahla yamasiko eyathathwa ngaphambi kuka-1970, isikhathi esimakwe ukuxhashazwa okukhulu kwamakholoni kanye nokuphangwa amagugu amasiko. Umlando we-Timor-Leste ugcwele izinselele ezihlobene nempahla yamasiko, ezisukela ekuhlangenwe nakho kwayo kokuxoxisana nemibuso yamakoloni ukuze kubuyiswe izinto zobuciko eziyigugu ezaphangwa phakathi nezikhathi zokusebenza. Umzabalazo wokubuyisela ezweni ugcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinhlaka zomthetho eziqinile ezisiza ukubuyisela izinto zobuciko zamasiko ezebiwe emazweni azo. Ukwengeza, i-Timor-Leste ibhekane nesishayo sokushushumbiswa ngokungemthetho kwezinto zobuciko zamasiko phakathi kwemingcele yayo, okugqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthola usizo olwengeziwe nezindlela zokusekela ukuze kuvikelwe amagugu amasiko ekuxhashazweni nasekwebiweni. Mayelana nalokhu, i-Timor-Leste ime njengobufakazi bobunzima kanye namaqiniso ezindabeni zempahla yamasiko ezweni lanamuhla futhi isesimweni esihle sokunikela ngemibono ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamasu angenziwa ukubhekana nalezi zinselele emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza ngendlela esebenza ngayo, leli komiti kumele libeke eqhulwini ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo ezisemazingeni aphansi okuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela amagugu amasiko, ukuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi afinyeleleka emhlabeni wonke ukuze kube lula ukulandela umkhondo wokuhwebelana kwamasiko, kanye nokusungulwa kwezindlela ezivumela ukubuyiselwa kwempahla yamasiko etholwe ngaphambi kuka-1970. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe imizamo yokulwa nokushushumbiswa okungekho emthethweni kwezinto zobuciko zamasiko, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste ihlongoza ukusungulwa kweqembu lamavolontiya elikwazi ukubhalisa ku-inthanethi futhi lithole ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ukuze lisize ekuhlonzweni nasekutholeni amagugu amasiko antshontshiwe. Amalungu aleli qembu azonikwa amandla okubambisana ne-INTERPOL, anikeze ulwazi olubalulekile nokusekelwa ekuphishekeleni izinto zobuciko ezebiwe, futhi azothola kokubili ukuqashelwa nesinxephezelo ngeminikelo yawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kuqiniswe lezi zinhlelo, i-Timor-Leste ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwethuluzi lokwenziwa eliqhutshwa ubuhlakani eliklanyelwe ukuskena ngokuhlelekile izinkundla ze-inthanethi zokuthengiswa kwezinto zobuciko zamasiko ezebiwe. Lihlonyiswe ngamakhono okuqinisekisa, leli thuluzi lizosebenza ukuze lazise iziphathimandla ezifanele futhi livimbele ukuthengiselana okungekho emthethweni, ligcwalise imininingwane ekhona yolwazi lwama-artifact yamasiko emzamweni oqhubekayo wokuvikela amagugu omhlaba. Ngokugxilisa ingqondo kulezi zinhlelo ezibalulekile, iDemocratic Republic of Timor-Leste inxusa leli komiti ukuthi lithathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu ekubhekaneni nesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuvikela amagugu ethu esiko esabelana ngawo. Ngokubeka eqhulwini izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa emazingeni aphansi, ukuthuthukisa amathuluzi okulandela umkhondo afinyelelekayo, kanye nokusungula izindlela zokubuyiswa kwe-artifact, leli komiti lingaqinisa imizamo ehlangene yokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwamasiko. Ukusungulwa okuhlongozwayo kweqembu lamavolontiya, okuhambisana nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obuqhutshwa yi-AI, kumele izinyathelo ezibonakalayo zokulondoloza izinto zobuciko zamasiko ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Isibonelo Sephepha Lesinqumo

I-UNESCO

Indawo Yesihloko B: Ukushushumbiswa Kwezinto Zamasiko

Ukwakhiwa phezu Kwezinto Ezibalulekile Zamasiko (FOCUS)

Abaxhasi: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Brunei, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Croatia, Côte D'Ivoire, Egypt, Eswatini, Georgia, Germany, Haiti, India, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Montenegro, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Zambia,

Abasayina: IBolivia, Cuba, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Greece, Indonesia, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Madagascar, Morocco, Norway, Peru, Togo, Türkiye, United States of America

Izigaba zokuqala:

Ukuqaphela isidingo sokubuyiswa kwezinto zobuciko zamasiko,

Uthukile ngenani lezinto zamasiko ezithengiswayo,

Uyazi wesibopho amazwe angomakhelwane wezizwe eziyizisulu anawo ekuvikeleni izinsalela,

Iyagunyaza uhlelo lokunquma ubunikazi bezinto,

Evuma ukubaluleka kokuvikela amagugu amasiko nezindawo zemivubukulo,

Iyaqaphela ukubaluleka kokuvikela amagugu amasiko kanye nokubaluleka kwezinto zobuciko,

Kuyathandeka ukufundisa umphakathi jikelele ngezinto zamasiko,

Adamant mayelana nokubuyiswa kwezimpahla ezishushumbiswe ngokungemthetho,

1. Ukusungula izinhlangano ezintsha zamazwe ngamazwe eziholwa ngaphansi kwe-UNESCO;

a. Usungula Inhlangano FOCUS;

i. Ukubeka phambili ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe kanye nokwenza lula ukubambisana okunokuthula;

ii. Ukuhlela imizamo yekomidi elincane;

iii. Ukusebenza njengabalamuli abangathathi hlangothi phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu;

iv. Ukuxhumana neminyuziyamu ngokuqondile;

v. Ukumema izinhlangano ezizimele lapho igunya lazo liphathelene khona njenge-International Council Of Museums (ICOM) kanye ne-INTERPOL;

vi. Ukuqhubekisela phambili ukufinyeleleka kwezinhlelo zamanje ezifana Nohlu Olubomvu kanye Nesizindalwazi Sobuciko Esilahlekile;

vii. Ukudala amagatsha ngaphakathi kwenhlangano enkulu ukuze kubhekwane nezindaba eziqondile;

b. Isungula i-Artifact Rescue Corps for Heritage (ARCH) ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kutakulwe izinto zamasiko ekuhwebeni ngokungemthetho, kanye nokugcinwa kwazo okuqhubekayo;

i. Kwenganyelwe amalungu e-UNESCO, INTERPOL, kanye neHhovisi LeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezilwisana Nezidakamizwa Nobugebengu (UNODC);

ii. Ukulawulwa ngokwezifunda ngamabhodi alawulwa yi-UN ahlukile ukuze amele kangcono izithakazelo zamasiko;

iii. Amalungu athola isinxephezelo nokuqashelwa ngeminikelo ebalulekile yokubuyisela nokubuyisela izinto zobuciko;

iv. Amavolontiya angase abhalisele ukuthola imfundo edingekayo ku-inthanethi, evumela izinhlaka zamavolontiya ezifinyelela kabanzi;

1. Ufundiswe ohlelweni lwenyuvesi yasendaweni olusungulwe ngaphansi koMshwana wesi-5

2. Izizwe ezingakwazi ukufinyelela ku-inthanethi, noma ezidonsa kanzima ukwenza izakhamuzi zibhalise ku-inthanethi, zingakhangisa mathupha emahhovisi kahulumeni wendawo, izikhungo zamasiko, njll.;

c. Ibumba ikomiti yokwahlulela ezobhala iziqondiso zendlela izizwe okufanele zishushise ngayo izigebengu ezeba noma ezilimaza impahla yamasiko;

i. Hlangana njalo eminyakeni emi-2;

ii. Kwakhiwe izizwe ezibhekwa njengezivikelekile ezingakufanelekela kangcono ukunikeza iseluleko ngezindaba ezinjalo zokuphepha;

iii. Ukuphepha kuzonqunywa ngaphansi kwe-Global Peace Index yakamuva, futhi kubhekwe umlando wezinyathelo zomthetho;

1. Ukuxhumana ngqo nezimnyuziyamu;

2. Ukumema izinhlangano ezizimele lapho igunya lazo liphathelene khona, njenge-International Council Of Museums (ICOM) kanye ne-INTERPOL;

3. Ukuqhubekisela phambili ukufinyeleleka kwezinhlelo zamanje ezifana ne-Red Lists kanye ne-Lost Art Database;

2. Idala imithombo yoxhaso kanye nezinsiza zokusiza amazwe kule mizamo;

a. Ukuqalisa izinsiza ezisebenza ekuhlinzekeni ngokuqeqeshwa kanye nokuqinisa izikhulu zomthetho ukuze zinqande izinto ezishushumbiswayo;

i. Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ze-UNESCO ukunika amandla ama-ejensi okugcinwa komthetho kanye nezingcweti zamagugu zamasiko ukuvikela imingcele yezwe ekudlulisweni kwezinto ngokungemthetho;

1. Ukubhalisa ochwepheshe aba-3 abavela kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ezweni ngalinye eliyilungu emingceleni yalo nokudala ithimba elisebenza ngokubambisana phakathi kwamazwe ukuze kuqedwe imisebenzi ewela imingcele;

2. Ukusebenzisa ochwepheshe bezamasiko abavela ezikhulwini ezindaweni zamasiko ngolwazi olwandisiwe lomlando kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinto;

3. Ukudinga ukuthi izikhulu zomthetho ziqeqeshwe ngokulingana nokuhlukahluka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziphatha bonke abantu (ikakhulukazi abafuduki nabancane) ngenhlonipho nangempatho efanele;

ii. Ukudala amaphethini ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuphoqelelwa kwezomthetho kwezindawo zamasiko ezisengozini enkulu yokuvimbela ukuntshontshwa kwezinto zamasiko;

1. Ukusebenzisa ulwazi ngenani lezinto zamasiko, indawo, kanye nomlando wokwebiwa kwezinto ukuze kukhiqizwe amaphethini asekelwe ku-AI;

2. Ukusebenzisa amaphethini asekelwe ku-AI ukuze kusetshenziswe abomthetho ezindaweni ezinobungozi obukhulu;

3. Ukuncoma ukuthi amazwe angamalungu abelane ngolwazi ngemilando yokwebiwa kanye nezindawo ezisengozini enkulu phakathi kwezizwe;

iii. Ukulandelela ukunyakaza noma ukudluliswa kwezinto zamasiko eziphawuliwe ezivela ezindaweni zamasiko okhokho;

1. Ukusebenzisa indlela esobala yokumaka izinto ezibalulekile zamasiko ukulandelela ukunyakaza nokuqeda ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamanye amazwe noma kuzwelonke;

iv. Ukusebenzisana ne-UNODC ukuthola ukwesekwa kanye nezinsiza zokulandela ubugebengu;

1. Ukusebenzisa amaqhinga avela kokubili ku-UNESCO kanye ne-UNODC kuzosetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza okuningi;

2. Ukusebenzisana ne-UNODC ukusiza ekubhekaneni nokukhathazeka kobudlelwane bokuthengiswa kwezidakamizwa nokushushumbiswa kwe-artifact;

3. Ukuncoma i-UNESCO ukuthi yabele kabusha izimali zomkhankaso wezemfundo ozobamba amaseshini okuqeqesha abantu bendawo abathanda lesi sifunda;

b. Ukwabiwa kabusha kwezimali ezivela kumaphrojekthi akhona e-UNESCO asekhule engabanikeli abayize nabazimele;

c. Ukudala Isikhwama Somhlaba Wonke Sokugcinwa Komlando Wamasiko (GFPCH);

i. Ingxenye yesabelomali se-UNESCO saminyaka yonke sezigidigidi eziyi-1.5 sizonikelwa kanye nanoma yimiphi iminikelo yokuzithandela evela emazweni ngamanye;

d. Ukuba namamnyuziyamu ahlonishwa umhlaba wonke kanye nezikhungo zobuciko ezixhaswe amadolobha asekhaya noma amazwe ukuze kwabiwe iphesenti elilinganayo lemali engenayo etholwe ezokuvakasha esikhwameni se-UNESCO ukuze kubuyiselwe izinto zamasiko;

e. Idinga isitifiketi sokuziphatha se-UNESCO sabaphathi bemnyuziyamu;

i. Yehlisa inkohlakalo engaphakathi kwamamnyuziyamu ekhulisa amandla okushushumbiswa kwezinto ezinjalo ukuze uthole inzuzo eyengeziwe;

f. Ukuhlinzeka ngezimali zokuhlola isizinda;

i. Amadokhumenti angokomlando (amadokhumenti alandisa ngomlando, isikhathi, kanye nokubaluleka kocezu lobuciko noma i-artifact) angenziwa kalula abathengisi bezimakethe ezimnyama abafuna ukukhulisa inzuzo yabo kodwa behlise ukusola kwabo;

ii. Ukuhlolwa kwesizinda esingcono kubalulekile ukuze kukhawulwe ukuthutheleka kwamadokhumenti omgunyathi;

1. Ukwaba izimali zokuthuthukisa/ukwakha iminyuziyamu emazweni lapho kuvela khona izinto zamasiko ezebiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izindlela zokuvikela nokuvikeleka zinethuba elikhulayo lokuvimbela umonakalo noma ukwebiwa kwezinto zobuciko;

g. Ukwakha ibhodi lochwepheshe abahlonishwayo bezobuciko/emnyuziyamu noma abalondolozi abazokhetha ukuthi yiziphi izinto okufanele zibekwe eqhulwini ekuzithengeni/kuzibuyisele;

3. Usebenzisa izinyathelo zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe;

a. Igunyaza i-Criminal International Accountability Operation (CIAO) ukuze ilwe nokushushumbiswa kwezinsalela zamasiko kwamanye amazwe ngezijeziso eziqinile zokulwa nobugebengu;

i. Inhlangano izoqukatha amalungu angachemi navikelekile omphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe;

1. Ukuvikeleka nokungakhethi kuzochazwa yiGlobal Peace Index kanye nezenzo zomthetho ezingokomlando nezakamuva;

ii. Inhlangano izohlangana kabili ngonyaka;

b. Yethula imihlahlandlela yemithetho emelene nobugebengu ekhuthazwayo ukuze amazwe ayilandele ngokubona kwawo;

i. Kuzobandakanya izigwebo zasejele ezinzima;

1. Kunconywe ubuncane beminyaka eyi-8, nezinhlawulo ezisebenzayo okufanele zahlulelwe amazwe ngamanye;

ii. Izizwe zizolandela imihlahlandlela ngokubona kwazo ngabanye;

c. Ugcizelela imizamo yamaphoyisa emazwe ngamazwe emingceleni yokulandelela abashushumbisi kanye nokuxhumana bodwa;

d. Isungula isizindalwazi somhlaba wonke nesifinyelelekayo sezindawo zokushushumbiswa amaphoyisa akwazi ukuzilandelela;

e. Iqasha abahlaziyi bedatha abavela emazweni azimisele ukuhlonza amaphethini emizileni;

f. Ivikela amalungelo ezizwe ekutholweni kwe-archaeological;

i. Ukunikeza amalungelo okutholwa kwemivubukulo ezweni ezitholakala kulo kunenkampani ehlinzeka ngemisebenzi;

ii. Ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile okufana nemigomo yalabo abasebenza ezindaweni zokumbiwa;

g. Ukhuthaza izikhungo zemivubukulo kuyo yonke imiphakathi;

i. Ukuxhaswa okuthuthukisiwe kwezikhungo zemivubukulo ngokusebenzisa uxhaso lwe-UNESCO nokukhuthaza uxhaso lomphakathi noma lukazwelonke;

h. Ikhuthaza ukubambisana okunqamula imingcele futhi yabelana nganoma yiluphi ulwazi olufanele mayelana nokutholwa noma ukuthi zikuphi izinto zamasiko ezebiwe kanye nokubambisana ekubuyiseni kwazo;

i. Ihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okwengeziwe Kwezindawo Zamagugu ze-UNESCO futhi ivimbele konke ukuxhashazwa okwengeziwe kanye nokuthathwa kwezinto zobuciko kuzo;

ii. Isungula ikomidi eliqondisa lezi zindawo kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zamasiko, ngaleyo ndlela zibavumele ukuthi bathuthukise izindlela zokuphepha;

iii. Isetha inhlanganisela yocwaningo ezungeze iziza ukusiza ekuqhubekeni nokufunda kanye nokunikeza ukugcinwa okuphephile okwengeziwe kusayithi;

j. Ithuthukisa ukuxhumana okuphephile kwabacwaningi nokuvikeleka;

i. Idala izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana zokudlulisa ulwazi olubalulekile;

ii. Yenza imininingwane ekhona ifinyeleleke kalula kuzo zonke izifunda nezizwe;

k. Ukuqinisa imithetho kazwelonke kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwezinhlawulo ezinzima ezibhekiswe kubashushumbisi ukuze kuliwe ngempumelelo nohwebo olungekho emthethweni;

l. Icela ibhodi yeCompromise Across Nations (CAN) esiza ekunqumeni ubunikazi bezinto zamasiko;

i. Ibhodi yakhiwe ngabameleli abavela kuzo zonke izizwe eziziqhenyayo ngamasiko abo futhi bazoshintshaniswa futhi bathole imibono evela kumalungu e-UNESCO kanye nemikhandlu yamasiko yesifunda;

ii. Noma yisiphi isizwe singafaka isicelo sobunikazi bezinto ezenziwe nge-artifact ngokusebenzisa ibhodi;

1. Ukubuyekezwa kokubaluleka komlando namasiko kuzokwenzeka ngamabhodi ongoti kanye ne-UNESCO ukuze kutholwe lapho okungase kubekwe khona kangcono;

2. Izinga lesivikelo esihlinzekwa yizizwe lizobhekwa lapho kunqunywa ubunikazi;

a. Izinto ezifakiwe kodwa ezingakhawulelwe kulokhu: uxhaso olubhekiswe ekuvikelweni kwezinto, isimo sokungqubuzana okusebenzayo phakathi kwezifunda zokwamukela nokunikela, kanye nezinyathelo/izindawo ezithile zokuvikela izinto ngokwazo;

iii. Idale uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-Iraq 'Sink or Swim', okuvumela izizwe ezinobunikazi bezinto zobuciko zibe nezivumelwano zokushintshisana nezinye izizwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufunda kwamasiko nokuhlukahluka emibukisweni yasemnyuziyamu yomphakathi;

1. Ukuhwebelana kungaba ngezinto ezibonakalayo, ulwazi, ngemali, njll.;

a. Khuthaza ezokuvakasha kulezo zizwe lapho zingaqashisa khona izinto zobuciko ezivela kwezinye izizwe ukuze zinikeze u-10% wemali yazo yaminyaka yonke yasemnyuziyamu ezintweni ezibuyiswayo;

b. Ukusabalalisa inani elithile lemali ezizweni kuye ngephesenti lezinto zabo zobuciko ezikhona;

2. Lezi kufanele zisetshenziselwe izinjongo zokufundisa kuphela futhi akufanele zishintshwe;

m. Isungula uhlelo lwentela (i-TPOSA) olukhokhelwe ezikhwameni zamasiko ze-UNESCO, ezilawulwa ne-WTO kanye ne-INTERPOL ekuthengisweni kwamazwe ngamazwe kwezimpahla ezibalulekile emlandweni;

i. Ukwehluleka ukuthobela lesi simiso njengoba kutholwe ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku kwabantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano zebhizinisi ngabahlaziyi be-WTO kungaholela ekutheni umuntu ngamunye noma inhlangano ibhekane namacala omhlaba phambi kwe-ICJ, futhi kwengezwe amacala okushushumbiswa kwezimpahla zamasiko kanye nokushushumbiswa kuhambisana nanoma imaphi amacala ahlobene nokukhwabanisa;

ii. Izinga lentela lingahluka kuye ngezinga lokushintshisana kanye ne-PPP phakathi kwezizwe ezifanele, kodwa isisekelo esingu-16% singanconywa, ukuze silungiswe njengoba kubonakala kufaneleka ngaphakathi kwedigri enengqondo yi-World Trade Organization;

iii. Abantu abatholakala benecala ngaphansi kokwephulwa kwe-TPOSA bazobhekana nokugwetshwa okwenziwa ezweni labo, kodwa kunqunywe ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe njengoba kunqunywe yi-ICJ;

4. Isekela imizamo yokubuyisela ezweni izinto ezintshontshiwe zemivubukulo;

a. Uqasha abalondolozi bamamnyuziyamu kanye nochwepheshe bemivubukulo ukuthi badlule emibukisweni ekhona ukuze bahlole izinto zobuciko ukuze bathole izimpawu zokuzingela ngokungemthetho;

i. Ingasizwa uhlelo lokusebenza lwaseJalimane lwe-NEXUD AI olungafinyelelwa emhlabeni wonke futhi seluvele luxhaswe ngemali/luqhuba Kabusha izinhlelo ze-AI ezikhona zaseMexico zokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa;

b. Ikhuthaza izinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe zezingxoxo mayelana nokubuyiselwa ezweni;

i. Ukusebenzisa izindlela ezedlule ze-UNESCO ukusiza ukuqapha ukubuya kwezinto zamasiko;

1. Izenzo ezidlule zokubuyisela eNdiya;

2. Ngo-2019, i-Afghanistan ibuyise izingcezu zemidwebo engu-170 kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko ebuyiselwe ngosizo lwe-ICOM;

ii. Yandisa izingxoxo eziqondile nabaphathi bezwe bezinto zobuciko zamasiko futhi iziguqule zibe inkundla yamazwe ngamazwe yokubhekana nezindaba zokunxeshezelwa;

iii. Iqasha izimiso ezikhona ngaphambilini zesivumelwano sowe-1970 ngezindlela zokuvimbela nokuvimbela ukuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe okungekho emthethweni kanye nokudluliselwa kobunikazi bezakhiwo zamasiko futhi zisetshenziswe ezintweni zakudala ezasuswa;

iv. Isebenzisa isigatshana sokuthumba nokubuyisela somhlangano ka-1970 ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubuyiselwa okuphephile kwezinto ezishushumbisiwe ngaphambi nangemuva kuka-1970;

c. Uthuthukisa indinganiso emisiwe yokubuyiswa;

i. Ukuqinisa izinqumo ezivela emhlanganweni we-Hague we-1970 ovimbela ukweba ngesikhathi sezingxabano ezihlomile, ukuqaliswa okunamandla kwesijeziso uma kungalandelwa;

ii. Ukuvuma ukungabi nabulungisa emhlabeni wonke kobukoloni futhi kusungula uhlelo lapho, lapho kuthathwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, kufanele babuyiselwe ezweni lendabuko;

iii. Ukusebenzisa umqondo wokweba okulula ngokulinganayo ezintweni zobuciko ezithathwe ngokungekho emthethweni, ukwenza abashushumbisi balandise ngokweba ubuciko bomdabu kanye nendabuko kanye nezinto zobuciko, ilungelo lobunikazi lokusungula elisetshenziswa kubuciko obuntshontshiwe obufinyelele ezindaweni zokudlela zezinhlanga nezitolo zezandla emazweni aseNtshonalanga;

d. Ukusebenzisa UMkhandlu Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wezinyuziyamu we-UNESCO ukwengamela ukubuyiselwa;

i. Ukubambelela ezenzweni zesikhathi esidlule ze-ICOM, lapho izinto ezingaphezu kuka-17000 zitholwe ezinhlelweni zokushushumbiswa ezingekho emthethweni futhi zabuyiselwa;

e. Isungula umbukiso wokuhlolwa kwe-UNESCO wezinto zobuciko eziphuma ezweni lakubo, ekhuthaza ukubuyiswa kwalezo zinto ukuze lawo mamyuziyamu athole isitifiketi sokugunyazwa se-UNESCO;

5. Ukuveza ukwakheka kohlaka lohlelo lwemfundo yomhlaba wonke olungaba ngcono

ukufundisa abantu ngokubaluleka kokulondolozwa kwalezi zinto;

a. Lesi sinqumo sisebenzela ukufundisa kokubili abafundi kanye nezikhulu zezisebenzi zikahulumeni;

i. Ngabafundi, i-UNESCO izosebenzisana namanyuvesi noma izikhungo ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo futhi ilethe imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu kuma-LDC;

1. Izihloko zemfundo zizobandakanya ukubaluleka kwezinto zamasiko, umthetho wempahla yengqondo, umthetho wempahla yamasiko, nezivumelwano zohwebo;

ii. Osolwazi basenyuvesi/ abantu abaqeqeshiwe bazothola ukuqashelwa kanye/noma isinxephezelo ngemizamo yabo;

iii. Izisebenzi zikahulumeni kanye nezikhulu zomthetho zizothola izidingo zemfundo ezengeziwe ngaphambi kokungena enkonzweni ephathelene nokushushumbiswa kwamasiko, ikakhulukazi "ezindaweni ezibomvu" noma ezindaweni lapho lesi senzo sivelele khona;

1. Lokhu okokuvikela ukugwazisa nenkohlakalo emazingeni aphezulu;

2. Umklomelo wemali uzonikezwa futhi emisebenzini yamasiko ephumelelayo ukuze kuhlinzekwe inkuthazo;

3. Imiphumela eqinile noma imiphumela engokomthetho izokwenziwa ngokusebenzisana NE-LEGAL kanye ne-INTERPOL;

iv. Izigaba ezincane zizokwakhiwa ngaphansi kwalesi sinqumo ngokusekelwe endaweni (ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izwe ngalinye lizothola ukunakwa okulinganayo kanye nezinsiza ukuze kuliwe nezinkinga zabo);

1. Lezi zigaba zizophatha izifunda ezithile ezinqunywe yi-UNESCO ezizosiza ekubuyiseleni lezi zinto;

2. Amazwe angathuthukisiwe ayoba nethuba lokuthola usizo nezinsiza ezixhaswe yi-UNESCO kanye namazwe ayengamakoloni ngaphambili;

b. Amaqembu amavolontiya nama-NGO asebenzayo azodala izinto zemfundo ezishiwo;

i. Izinsiza zemfundo zizosetshenziswa ukufundisa umphakathi ngezinto zobuciko ezethulwa kumamnyuziyamu;

1. Lokhu kungenziwa ngezimpawu, amavidiyo, noma ukuvakasha okuqondisiwe yimnyuziyamu negunya elithile;

ii. Izinto zokufunda zizoqinisekiswa yi-UNESCO namazwe asebenzayo;

6. Iyasibona isidingo sobunikazi bamasiko kanye namagugu, kanye nemithelela yokuthi ukuzazi ngokwesiko okuqinile kunakho ekuvikeleni izinto zamasiko;

a. Izicelo zokudalwa kwengqungquthela ephethwe yi-UNESCO ezoveza izinto zamasiko ezebiwe;

i. Ukukhumbuza ukuthi iningi lezinto zamasiko ezebiwe ezisezikhungweni zikahulumeni nezizimele, futhi ziboniswa emphakathini;

ii. Ukugcizelela ukuthi asikho isibopho esingokomthetho sokuthi isikhungo sibonise izinto zaso futhi esikhundleni salokho kunesibopho esiqinile sokuziphatha;

iii. Ukuncoma ukuthi uxhaso lwezimali lwengqungquthela luhlinzekwe abaxhasi kanye nezingcweti zemboni njengamanje ezixhasa ngezimali izikhungo eziphethe izinto zamasiko;

iv. Ukuvuma ukuthi izizwe ezinamandla eziphakamisa lezi zinto zobuciko zihlale zibheke ukwakha ubudlelwano namazwe amancane nanamandla amancane, ikakhulukazi amazwe abhekane nekolonialism (lawa mazwe angabamba iqhaza engqungqutheleni esekwe ku-UNESCO ukwenza lokho);

v. Ukugcizelela ukuthi uma ingqungquthela isiphelile, ubuciko bamasiko bangabuyiselwa ezweni labo lobuzwe;

vi. Ukukhumbuza ukuthi le ngqungquthela ingeyokuzithandela kuphela, nokuthi iyindlela eqinisekile yokubuyisela inani elibalulekile lezinto zamasiko endaweni yazo yobuhlanga;

b. Sebenzisa iphrojekthi ye-UNESCO's #Unite4Heritage ukusiza ukucwilisa imizamo ekhuthaza ukunyuswa kanye nokunikela ngale nhloso;

i. Ukubhekana nezindlela ezisebenzayo ngokusebenzisa imikhankaso yenkundla yezokuxhumana ngemicimbi eqhutshwa ngaphakathi nakwamanye amazwe;

ii. Ukunweba engqungqutheleni eyasingathwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970's ukuqoqa umuzwa womhlaba wonke wokushushumbiswa nokucabangela izehlakalo zamanje ukuze kwakhiwe isinqumo esibuyekeziwe sokulungisa ukulahleka kwamasiko;

c. Ukuqaphela ukubaluleka kwezinto zamasiko ezibambele izwe labo kanye nomlando wabo futhi uvimbele isenzo esingekho emthethweni emizamweni yokuzibuyisela;

i. Ukwamukela ukukhathazeka kwamalungu athile omphakathi mayelana nezinto zobuciko zamasiko eziphucwe umhlaba;

ii. Ukuhlonipha umthetho wesifunda ovikela impahla yamasiko angaphandle ngaphakathi kwamaqoqo omphakathi noma angasese.

Inkinga

Iyini Inkinga?

Inkinga amakomiti awuhlobo oluthuthuke kakhulu, oluncane, olusheshayo lwekomidi le-Model UN elilingisa inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo esheshayo yohlaka oluthile. Zingaba ezomlando, ezanamuhla, eziqanjiwe, noma ezekusasa. Ezinye izibonelo zamakomiti Ezinkinga yiKhabhinethi Likamongameli wase-United States mayelana Nenhlekelele Yezikhali ZaseCuba, UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WeNhlangano Yezizwe esabela kusongo lwenuzi, i-zombie apocalypse, noma amakoloni asemkhathini. Amakomiti amaningi e-Crisis nawo asekelwe ezincwadini nakumamuvi. Ngokungafani nezixazululo zesikhathi eside ikomidi Lomhlangano Omkhulu eligxile kuzo, amakomidi ezinhlekelele aqokomisa impendulo esheshayo kanye nezixazululo zesikhashana. Amakomidi ezinhlekelele atuswa izithunywa esezenze ikomidi le-General Assembly. Amakomidi ezinhlekelele angahlukaniswa abe yizigaba ezine ezihlukene, ngasinye sazo esizodingidwa kabanzi ngezansi:

1. Ukulungiselela

2. Isikhundla

3. I-Frontroom

4. I-Backroom

Ikomidi elijwayelekile le-Crisis laziwa ngokuthi a Single Crisis, okuhlanganiswe kulo mhlahlandlela. A IKomidi Elihlanganyelwe Lezinkinga ngamakomiti amabili ahlukene e-Crisis anezinhlangothi eziphikisanayo endabeni efanayo. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba i-United States of America kanye neSoviet Union phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. An Ikomidi le-Ad-Hoc wuhlobo lwekomiti lezinhlekelele lapho izithunywa zingasazi isihloko sazo kuze kufike usuku lwengqungquthela. Amakomidi e-Ad-hoc athuthuke kakhulu futhi anconyelwa kuphela izithunywa ezinolwazi.

Ukulungiselela

Konke okudingekayo ukulungiselela ikomidi le-General Assembly kuyadingeka ukuze kulungiselelwe ikomidi Lezinkinga. Noma yikuphi ukulungiselelwa okuvezwe kulo mhlahlandlela kuhloswe ukuthi kube okunezezela ekulungiseleleni ikomidi le-General Assembly futhi kusetshenziswe kuphela ngesikhathi samakomidi eziNhlekelele.

Emakomidini eCrisis, izingqungquthela eziningi zidinga izithunywa ukuthi zilethe iphepha elimhlophe (iphepha lesimo se-General Assembly) kanye iphepha elimnyama ngesihloko ngasinye. Amaphepha amnyama angamaphepha amafushane ezikhundla achaza isikhundla nendima yesithunywa ekomitini Lezinkinga, ukuhlolwa kwesimo, izinjongo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuqala ezihlosiwe. Amaphepha amnyama aqinisekisa ukuthi izithunywa zikulungele ukushesha kwamakomiti Ezinkinga futhi zinolwazi oluqinile lwesizinda sesikhundla sazo. Amaphepha amnyama kufanele aveze inkinga ehlosiwe yesithunywa (inwetshiwe ngezansi), kodwa akufanele acacise kakhulu—akuvamisile kwenqatshelwe ukubhala amanothi enhlekelele (anwetshwe ngezansi) ngaphambi kwekomiti. Indlela enhle yokuhlukanisa amaphepha amhlophe namnyama wukukhumbula ukuthi amaphepha amhlophe yiwona okumele isithunywa sikwazi ukuthi wonke umuntu akwazi, kanti amaphepha amnyama yiwona okumele umthunywa afise ukufihlwa emphakathini.

Isikhundla

Ekomitini Lezinkinga, izithunywa ngokuvamile zimelela abantu ngabanye esikhundleni samazwe. Isibonelo, isithunywa singaba uNobhala Wezamandla kwiKhabhinethi Likamongameli noma uMongameli wenkampani ekuBhodi Labaqondisi. Ngenxa yalokho, izithunywa kufanele zilungele ukumela imibono yomuntu ngamunye, izindinganiso, kanye nezenzo ezingase zenziwe esikhundleni sezinqubomgomo zeqembu elikhulu noma izwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithunywa ngokuvamile ziba ne- iphothifoliyo yamandla, iqoqo lamandla namakhono abangawasebenzisa njengomphumela wesikhundla somuntu abammele. Isibonelo, induna yenhloli ingase ibe nokufinyelela ekugadweni futhi ujenene angayala amasosha. Izithunywa ziyakhuthazwa ukuthi zisebenzise la mandla kulo lonke ikomidi.

Igumbi langaphambili

Ekomidini le-General Assembly, izithunywa zichitha ikomidi lisebenza ndawonye, lixoxisana, futhi lisebenzisana ukubhala iphepha lesinqumo ukuze kuxazululwe udaba. Lokhu kuvame ukuthatha isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, amakomiti eCrisis aneziqondiso esikhundleni salokho. A isiqondiso liyiphepha lesinqumo elifushane elinezixazululo zesikhashana elibhalwe amaqembu ezithunywa ukuphendula inkinga. Ifomethi iyafana neyephepha elimhlophe (bheka Indlela Yokubhala Iphepha Elimhlophe) futhi ukwakheka kwalo kuqukethe izixazululo kuphela. Iziqondiso aziqukethe izigatshana ze-preambulatory ngoba iphuzu lazo kufanele libe lifushane futhi liqonde. Ingxenye yekomiti eliqukethe amakhokhasi amodareyithiwe, amakhokhasi angahloliwe, kanye neziqondiso yaziwa ngokuthi igumbi langaphambili.

Igumbi elingemuva

Amakomidi ezinhlekelele nawo anawo igumbi elingemuva, okuyisici esingemuva kwesigcawu sokulingiswa Kwenhlekelele. I-backroom ikhona ukuze yamukelwe amanothi enhlekelele kusuka ezihambelini (amanothi ayimfihlo athunyelwa ezihlalweni zasekamereni ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo eziyimfihlo ze-ajenda yomuntu siqu). Ezinye zezizathu ezivame kakhulu isithunywa esithumela inothi lenhlekelele ukuthuthukisa amandla aso, ukulimaza isithunywa esiphikisayo, noma ukufunda okwengeziwe ngomcimbi onemininingwane ethile efihliwe. Amanothi enhlekelele kufanele acacise ngangokunokwenzeka futhi aveze izinhloso nezinhlelo zomuntu othunywayo. Kufanele futhi bafake i-TLDR. Akuvunyelwe ukubhala amanothi enhlekelele ngaphambi kwekomidi.

Kwesithunywa Inkinga arc ukulandisa kwabo kwesikhathi eside, uchungechunge lwendaba oluguqukayo, kanye nohlelo lwamasu olusungulwa isithunywa ngamanothi enhlekelele. Kuhlanganisa izenzo zegumbi elingemuva, ukuziphatha kwegumbi eliphambili, nezenzo nezinye izithunywa. Ingahlanganisa lonke ikomiti—kusuka ephuzwini lokuqala lenhlekelele kuya kumyalelo wokugcina.

Abasebenzi base-backroom banikeza njalo Izibuyekezo zenhlekelele ngokusekelwe ku-ajenda yabo, amanothi enhlekelele yesithunywa, noma izehlakalo ezingahleliwe ezingase zenzeke. Isibonelo, isibuyekezo Senhlekelele singase sibe i-athikili ekhishwe mayelana nesenzo isithunywa esisithathile egumbini elingemuva. Esinye isibonelo sokubuyekeza Inhlekelele kungaba i ukubulawa, okuvamise ukuba umphumela wesithunywa esizama ukususa ukuphikisa kwaso egumbini elingemuva. Uma isithunywa sibulawa, sithola isikhundla esisha futhi siqhubeke ekomitini.

Okunhlobonhlobo

Amakomiti akhethekile yizinhlaka ezilingisayo ezehlukile kuMhlangano Jikelele wendabuko noma ikomidi lezinhlekelele ngezindlela ezahlukene. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise amakomiti omlando (abekwe enkathini ethile yesikhathi), izindikimba zesifunda (ezifana ne-African Union noma i-European Union), noma amakomiti ekusasa (okusekelwe ezincwadini eziqanjiwe, amamuvi, noma imibono). Lawa makomiti akhethekile avame ukuba nemithetho ehlukene yenqubo, amachibi amanxusa amancane, nezihloko ezikhethekile. Umehluko othize wekomidi ungatholakala kumhlahlandlela ongemuva wekomidi kusizindalwazi senkomfa.

Iziqondiso eziyimfihlo ziyiziqondiso iqembu elincane lezithunywa elisebenzela phezu kwazo ngasese. Le miyalelo ngokuvamile iqukethe izenzo izithunywa ezifuna ukuzithathela ama-ajenda azo. Okunye okuvamile ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso ezizimele ubunhloli, ukunyakaza kwezempi, inkulumo-ze, kanye nezenzo zikahulumeni zangaphakathi. Iziqondiso eziyimfihlo zivame ukusetshenziswa njengoba kuphawula inhlekelele izithunywa eziningi ezingasebenza kuzo, zivumele ukuxhumana nokusebenzisana okusiza isithunywa ngasinye sibumbe ukulandisa kwaso.

Inhlonipho Nokuziphatha

Uhlu lwamagama

● Ikomidi le-Ad-Hoc: Uhlobo lwekomiti Lezinkinga lapho izithunywa zingasazi isihloko sazo kuze kube usuku lwengqungquthela.

● Ukubulala: Ukukhishwa kwesinye isithunywa ekomitini, okuholele ekutheni lowo osusiwe anikwe isikhundla esisha.

● Igumbi elingemuva: Isici esingemuva kwesigcawu sokulingisa Kwenhlekelele.

● Inkinga: Uhlobo oluthuthuke kakhulu, olushesha kakhulu lwekomidi le-Model UN elilingisa inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo esheshayo yohlaka oluthile.

● I-Crisis Arc: Indaba yesikhathi eside yesithunywa, indatshana eguqukayo, kanye nohlelo lwesu olusungulwa yisithunywa ngamanothi enhlekelele.

● Amanothi Enhlekelele: Amanothi ayimfihlo athunyelwe ezihlalweni ezingemuva ecela izenzo eziyimfihlo ukuze kuqhutshwe i-ajenda yomuntu siqu yesithunywa.

● Isibuyekezo Senhlekelele: Izehlakalo ezingahleliwe, ezinamandla ezingenzeka noma nini futhi zithinte iningi lezithunywa.

● Umyalelo: Iphepha lesixazululo esifushane elinezixazululo zesikhashana esibhalwe amaqembu ezithunywa ukuphendula isibuyekezo Senhlekelele.

● Igumbi langaphambili: Ingxenye yekomiti equkethe amakhokhasi anganyelwe, amakhokhasi angahloliwe, kanye neziqondiso.

● Ikomidi Lezinhlekelele Elihlangene: Amakomiti amabili ahlukene e-Crisis anezinhlangothi eziphikisanayo odabeni olufanayo.

● Iphothifoliyo Yamandla: Iqoqo lamandla namakhono isithunywa esingawasebenzisa ngokusekelwe esikhundleni somuntu ommeleyo.

● Umyalelo Oyimfihlo: Iziqondiso iqembu elincane lezithunywa elisebenza kuzo ngasese ukuze lisize isithunywa ngasinye silolonge okwaso ukulandisa.

● Inkinga Eyodwa: Ikomidi elijwayelekile le-Crisis.

● Amakomiti Akhethekile: Imigwamanda efanisiwe ehluke kuMhlangano Jikelele wendabuko noma amakomidi eNkinga ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Isibonelo Iphepha Elimnyama

JCC: Impi yaseNigeria-Biafra: Biafra

Louis Mbanefo

Iphepha Elimnyama

James Smith

Isikole samabanga aphezulu saseMelika

Ngaphezu kweqhaza lami elibalulekile ekuqhubekiseleni phambili imfuno ye-Biafra yokuba ngumbuso, ngifisa ukunyukela esikhundleni sikamongameli wesizwe sakithi, umbono oqiniswe izingxoxo zami zobungcweti ne-United States of America. Ngenkathi ngilwela ngokuqinile ubukhosi be-Biafra, ngiyakubona ukubaluleka kokusekelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuqiniswe indlela yethu yokuya kuhulumeni, okungiphoqayo ukuthi ngiqondanise ngokwecebo nezintshisekelo zaseMelika esifundeni. Kulokhu, ngicabanga ukusungula inkampane eqinile ezokwengamela izinsiza zikawoyela zase-Biafra, ngisebenzisa ingcebo eqoqwe emisebenzini yami yezomthetho enenzuzo. Ngokusebenzisa amandla ami okulawula izinkantolo zase-Biafra, ngihlose ukugomela ukulawulwa kwamalungelo okumba, ngiqinisekisa ukuthi noma yiziphi izimvume ezinikezwa ezinye izinhlangano zithathwa njengezingqubuzana nomthethosisekelo ngemigudu yokwahlulela. Ngisebenzisa amandla ami egatsheni lesishayamthetho lase-Biafra, ngihlose ukuthola ukwesekwa okukhulu kwebhizinisi lami, ngaleyo ndlela ngiphoqe amabhizinisi okumba aseMelika ukuthi asebenze ngaphansi kwawo, ngalokho ngiqinisekisa ukuchuma kimina kanye ne-Biafra. Ngokulandelayo, ngihlela ukusebenzisa izinsiza enginazo ukuze ngingenelele ngokwezepolitiki endaweni yezepolitiki yaseMelika, ngihlakulele ukwesekwa hhayi nje kwe-Biafra kodwa futhi nemizamo yami yebhizinisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngithemba ukusebenzisa impahla yami yebhizinisi ukuze ngithole izinkampani zezindaba ezivelele zaseMelika, ngaleyo ndlela ngilolonge umbono womphakathi futhi ngisakaze ngobuqili umbono wokugxambukela kweSoviet eNigeria, ngaleyo ndlela ngithole ukwesekwa okukhulu kweMelika ngesizathu sethu. Lapho ngiqinisa ukusekelwa kwaseMelika, ngicabanga ukusebenzisa ingcebo yami eqoqwe kanye nomthelela ukuze ngihlele ukususwa kukamongameli osesikhundleni sase-Biafra, u-Odumegwu Ojukwu, bese emva kwalokho.

ngizibeka njengomuntu ozokhethwa njengomongameli osebenzayo ngokukhohlisa imizwa yomphakathi kanye nokuguquguquka kwezepolitiki.

Isibonelo somyalelo

Ikomidi: I-Ad-Hoc: IKhabhinethi yase-Ukraine

Isikhundla: Ungqongqoshe wezaMandla

● Uzibandakanya uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle WaseShayina ezingxoxweni zokutshala imali emikhakheni yamandla nengqalasizinda yase-Ukraine,

○ Iyaxoxisana isibonelelo sikahulumeni saseShayina sokwakha kabusha ingqalasizinda yabantu kanye namagridi kagesi,

○ Izingcingo ze Usizo lwabantu baseShayina ngenhloso yokuqhubekisela phambili ubudlelwano phakathi kwezizwe, futhi njengomnyakazo wokuthakazelela ekugcineni ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkampani zaseShayina emnothweni wase-Ukraine,

● Ukwaziswa Izinkampani zamandla kanye nengqalasizinda yamaShayina zibheke ekubambeni iqhaza ngenkuthalo emkhakheni wezamandla nengqalasizinda wase-Ukraine, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kumaphrojekthi engqalasizinda,

○ Iyaxoxisana izinkontileka zamandla avuselelekayo nezinkampani zamandla eziningi zaseShayina, ezisebenzela ukuvuselela umkhakha wamandla owonakele wase-Ukraine,

■ I-China Yangtze Power Corporation,

■ Xinjiang Goldwind Science Technology Co. Ltd.,

■ JinkoSolar Holdings Co. Ltd.,

○ Uzibandakanya Umkhakha we-petroleum waseShayina ekuhlinzekeni ukuthunyelwa kwegesi kazwelonke kazwelonke, ngenkathi kutshalwa imali ezindaweni zokugcina igesi yemvelo namafutha e-Ukraine,

● Iyathumela omele amanxusa kuhulumeni wePeople's Republic of China ngenhloso yokuvula ukuxhumana kwe-Chinese-Ukraine ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukutshalwa kwezimali nosizo,

● Amafomu ikhomishini yongqongqoshe ukubhekana nobudlelwano baseShayina-Ukraine, ngenkathi iqapha ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamaShayina kanye nosizo olunikezwa i-Ukraine yiChina,

○ Abaqaphi usizo olunikezwa i-Ukraine, ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali noma ukubamba iqhaza kwemboni yombuso noma ezimele akubi muncu, noma kungalimazi izintshisekelo zezwe lase-Ukraine,

○ Izinjongo ukubhekana nezinkinga noma izifiso zaseShayina esifundeni, nokugcina izithakazelo zezwe lase-Ukraine phakathi kobudlelwano phakathi kweChina ne-Ukraine,

● Abameli ukuze kwakheke ulayini wokuxhumana oqondile phakathi kwabaholi abafanele ukuze:

○ Sungula ukuxhumana okuhlala njalo,

○ Gcina isizwe ngasinye saziswa ngentuthuko yamanje,

● Isebenzisa ubuhlakani obunembile base-Ukraine eRussia nase-United States ukuze:

○ Ukuxoxisana isikhundla sokuxoxisana neChina,

○ Qinisa isikhundla sethu neChina.

Isibonelo Senhlekelele Inothi #1

Ikomidi: IKomidi Lezinkinga Ezihlangene: Impi yaseNigeria-Biafra: Biafra

Isikhundla: Louis Mbanefo

Kunkosikazi wami omuhle,

Kuleli qophelo, okuseqhulwini kimi wukulawula amandla eGatsha Lezobulungiswa. Kulokhu, ngizosebenzisa ingcebo yami esanda kuthola ukufumbathisa amajaji amaningi aphethe. Ngiyazi ukuthi ngeke kudingeke ngikhathazeke ngokungabi nayo imali eyanele ngoba i-$200,000 USD ibiza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngo-1960. Uma noma yiliphi ijaji linquma ukwenqaba, ngizosebenzisa amandla ami phezu kweNhloko Yezobulungiswa ukuze ngibaphoqe ukuthi bathumele, kuyilapho ngisebenzisa nokuxhumana engizithole ngesikhathi sami ngisebenza ePhalamende Lesifunda SaseMpumalanga. Lokhu kuzongivumela ukuthi ngithole ukwesekwa ngaphakathi kwegatsha lesishayamthetho. Ukuze ngiqhubeke nokwandisa ithonya lami egatsheni lezokwahlulela, ngizosebenzisa onogada bami ukwesabisa abahluleli. Ngalokhu, ngizoba nokulawula okuphelele kwegatsha lezobulungiswa. Uma ungenza le misebenzi, ngingahlala ngibonga kuwe, sithandwa sami. Amajaji ambalwa kuphela okufanele agwazelwe ngoba amajaji aphezulu kuphela odabeni lweNkantolo Ephakeme, njengoba ekwazi ukuthatha noma yiliphi icala ezinkantolo eziphansi futhi anamandla okuthonya ukwahlulela.

I-TLDR: Sebenzisa ingcebo esanda kutholwa ukuze uthenge amajaji futhi usebenzise abathintwayo ukuze uthole ukwesekwa ngaphakathi kwegatsha lomthetho. Sebenzisa onogada ukwesabisa abahluleli, ngandise ithonya lami egatsheni lezokwahlulela.

Ngiyabonga kakhulu, sithandwa. Ngiyethemba nibe nosuku olubusisekile.

Ngothando,

Louis Mbanefo

Isibonelo Senhlekelele Inothi #2

Ikomidi: Inzalo

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Umama Othandekayo, Umama Ongalungile

Ngizabalaza kakhulu ukujwayela i-Auradon prep, nokho ngizibophezele ngokuqinile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi zonke izigilamkhuba ziyakwazi ukuzitholela impilo entsha, naphezu kobugebengu bakho nabanye abayizigebengu. Kuze kube manje, ngibonga kakhulu ngomlingo omncane odluliselwe kimi usuka ekuphatheni kwakho induku ka-Fairy Godmother ku-Cinderella III, i-Twist in Time, eyakufaka umlingo. Ukuze ngisize ukuqondisa umbono womphakathi wama-VK ngendlela enhle, ngidinga uxhaso kanye nomthelela. Ukuze uthole lokhu, sicela ufinyelele izinhlangano ezintathu ezinkulu zezindaba nemibukiso yezingxoxo, enikezayo

izingxoxo ezikhethekile mayelana nokuthi kwenzekeni ngempela e-Isle of the Lost, kanye nesimo samanje sabantu abayizigebengu lapho. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi uhlangothi ngalunye luhluke kanjani kolunye, lolu lwazi cishe luzobaluleka kakhulu eziteshini zezindaba futhi luthakasele lawo maqhawe asabela isiphetho sawo mayelana nezigilamkhuba ezake zabesabisa. Sicela uxoxisane nabo, unikeze izingxoxo ezikhethekile ukuze uthole u-45% wenzuzo, kanye nokulawulwa kokuhlela lokho okukhishwe ezindabeni. Ngicela ubatshele ukuthi uma bevuma, ngingaphinde nginikeze ukuxhumana okuqondile nababi, nginikeze eminye imibono ngezindaba zabo, engakaze ibonwe. Ngalokhu, ngithemba ukuthi ngingathuthukisa ukuma kwami phakathi kwabantu base-Auradon.

Ngothando,

UMnqobi

Isibonelo Senhlekelele Inothi #3

Ikomidi: Inzalo

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Umama othandekayo,

Ngiyakuqonda ukukhathazeka kwakho ngokuthi ububi okufanele bufakwe kulolu hlelo, kodwa ngiyakunxusa ukuthi ubambe isikhathi sakho ukuze uqinisekise ukuthikamezeka okuncane kwe-HK ohlelweni lwethu. Ngemali ezuzwe ezingxoxweni zami, ngicela uqashe ithimba labaqaphi abaqotho kimina kanye nama-VK, abavela ngaphandle kwe-Auradon (ukuvimbela noma yikuphi okunye ukuxhumana ne-Auradon) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwami kanye nethonya eliqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwe-Auradon. Ukwengeza, ngicela uphathe izitolo zezindaba lapho izingxoxo zami zisakazwa khona, ngisebenzisa isilawuli sokuhlela esifunwa njengengxenye yemigomo, siqinisekisa ukugcizelela kumagugu okuvuselela ama-VK, iminikelo yawo ku-Auradon, kanye nemiphumela emibi yama-HK empilweni yama-VK, naphezu kwesimo sokuvuselelwa kwe-VK. Ngalokhu, ngithemba ukuphakamisa ithonya lama-VK ngaphakathi kwe-Auradon futhi ngiqinisekise ukubamba kwabo iqhaza okuqhubekayo ngaphakathi kwe-Auradon prep. Mama sizokwenza okubi maduze nje. Sizogcina senza ukuthi ama-HK namaqhawe ahlupheke ngesiphetho abasigwebele kuso. Ngidinga uxhaso lwakho kuphela, bese umhlaba uzokuvulela.

Ngothando,

UVictor Tremaine

Isibonelo Senhlekelele Inothi #4

Ikomidi: Inzalo

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Umama,

Isikhathi sesifikile ekugcineni. Ekugcineni sizofeza izinhloso zethu ezimbi. Nakuba umlingo ukhutshaziwe ngaphakathi kwe-Isle of the Lost, i-alchemy kanye nokwenza i-potion akuhlobene ngokuqondile nomlingo, kodwa kunalokho.

amandla ayisisekelo omhlaba namandla ezithako, ngakho-ke kufanele atholakale kuma-villains e-Isle of the Lost. Sicela usebenzise ukuxhumana kwakho neNdlovukazi Emibi ngaphakathi kwe-Isle of the Lost ukuze ucele ukuthi akhiqize izithako ezintathu zothando, ezizoba namandla kakhulu ngenxa yolwazi lwayo nge-alchemy nokwenza kwe-potion endabeni yakhe. Sicela usebenzise isikole esihlangene esisanda kwakhiwa emngceleni we-Auradon kanye ne-Isle of the Lost echazwe ku-RISE ukuze ufeze lokhu kushushumbiswa. Ngihlela ukuba ne-Fairy Godmother, kanye nobunye ubuholi be-Auradon bufakwe ubuthi bomuthi wothando ukuze bashaywe ngobuhle bami, futhi bangaphansi kwethonya lami ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka maduze mama, ngakho ngithemba ukuthi wenelisekile ngomphumela wokugcina. Ngizokunikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe ngohlelo lwami ngokushesha nje lapho ngithola impendulo yakho.

Ngothando nobubi,

UMnqobi

Isibonelo Senhlekelele Inothi #5

Ikomidi: Inzalo

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Umama,

Isikhathi sesifikile. Ngokudlula kwesinyathelo sethu se-RISE, isiqhingi sethu esihlanganyelwe se-VK-HK sesiphelile. Njengengxenye yokuvulwa okuhle kwesikhungo sethu sezemfundo, ngizokunyonyoba wena kanye neNdlovukazi Ekhohlakele nizifihle njengabasebenzi, ngiqinisekise ukushushumbiswa okuyimpumelelo kokuba khona kwethu. Lokhu kuvulwa okumangalisayo kuzoba nedili eliwubukhazikhazi kanye nebhola, lapho kuzomenywa khona ubuholi obunobuqhawe futhi bunikeze izinkulumo zokukhuthaza ukubambisana. Kuzoba khona iFairy Godmother nabanye abaholi bamaqhawe. Ngizoyala abapheki besiqhingi (abaqaphi bami be-Crisis Note #2 ngokuzifihla) ukuthi bafake umuthi wothando phakathi kokudla okuphakelwe abaholi abathathu bamaqhawe, okubenza bashaywe ngobuhle bami obungenakulinganiswa. Lesi isinyathelo esilandelayo sokuvikela ithonya lethu eliqhubekayo.

Ngethemba ngalokhu, sesisondele ekuzuzeni izinhloso zethu ezimbi.

Ngothando kanye ne-evvill,

UMnqobi

Isibonelo Senhlekelele Inothi #6

Ikomidi: Inzalo

Isikhundla: UVictor Tremaine

Umama,

Uhlelo lwethu seluzophela. Isinyathelo sethu sokugcina kuzoba ukusebenzisa ithonya lethu ngobuholi beqhawe ukususa umgoqo ohlukanisa lezi ziqhingi ezimbili ukuze siqinisekise ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwemiphakathi emibili. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, ngicela uthumele incwadi kuMama Oyinganekwane kanye nobuholi beqhawe, unginikeze uthando lwami, kanye nobudlelwano obuphelele nabo bonke ubuholi (bothando) ukuze kususwe umgoqo. Ngicela ufihle izinhloso zami zangempela njengokufisa nje ukuhlanganisa abantu engibathandayo (umama wami, izigebengu, nobuholi, kuhlanganise noMama Wezinganekwane). Lokhu kufanele kwanele ukufeza inhloso yami yokususa umgoqo. Ngicela uqhubeke nokuyalela onogada bami ukuthi bagcine ukuphepha kwami kuyinto eza kuqala futhi basize kwezinye izenzo zami. Ngithemba ukukubona maduze.

Ngothando olukhulu kanye ne-evvill,

UMnqobi

Imiklomelo

Isingeniso

Uma isihambeli sesihambele izingqungquthela ezimbalwa ze-Model UN, ukuthola imiklomelo kuyisinyathelo esilandelayo endleleni yokuba yisithunywa esihle. Nokho, lokhu kuhlonishwa okufiselekayo akulula ukukuthola, ikakhulukazi ezingqungqutheleni zamazwe ngamazwe namakhulu ezithunywa ekomitini ngalinye! Ngenhlanhla, ngomzamo owanele, izindlela ezizanyiwe neziyiqiniso ezichazwe ngezansi zikhulisa amathuba esithunywa sokuthola umklomelo.

Zonke Izikhathi

● Cwaninga futhi ulungiselele ngangokunokwenzeka okuholela engqungqutheleni; ulwazi lwangemuva alulokothi lube buhlungu.

● Yenza umzamo kuwo wonke umsebenzi; inkundla ingasho ukuthi ungakanani umzamo isithunywa esiwenza engqungqutheleni futhi sihloniphe labo abasebenza kanzima.

● Hlonipha; inkundla iyazazisa izihambeli ezihloniphekile.

● Ungaguquguquki; kungase kube lula ukukhathala ngesikhathi sekomiti, ngakho-ke qiniseka ukuthi uhlala ungaguquguquki futhi ulwe nanoma yikuphi ukukhathala.

● Yiba nemininingwane futhi ucace.

● Ukubheka amehlo, ukuma okuhle, nezwi elizethembayo ngezikhathi zonke.

● Isithunywa kufanele bakhulume kahle, kodwa bezwakala njengabo.

● Isithunywa kufanele abalokothi bazibize ngokuthi "mina" noma "thina", kodwa "njengezithunywa ze-____".

● Bonisa izinqubomgomo zesikhundla ngokunembile; Imodeli ye-UN akuyona indawo yokuveza imibono yomuntu siqu.

I-Caucus Elinganiselwe

● Ngekhanda inkulumo yokuvula ngombono oqinile; qiniseka ukuthi ufaka ukuvuleka okuqinile, igama lesikhundla, isitatimende esicacile senqubomgomo yesikhundla, kanye nezinkulumo ezisebenzayo.

● Isithunywa kufanele bakhulume ngezinto ezincane ngesikhathi bekhuluma.

● Bhala amanothi ngesikhathi sezinkulumo; ukuba nolwazi lwasemuva mayelana neminye imibono ethile ekuqaleni kwengqungquthela kubalulekile empumelelweni yesithunywa.

● Isithunywa kufanele baphakamise izingqwembe zabo ngaso sonke isikhathi (ngaphandle uma sebevele bakhuluma kukhokhasi elinganiselwe).

● Isithunywa kufanele thumela amanothi kwezinye izithunywa uzitshela ukuthi zize zizozithola ngesikhathi samakhokhasi angahloliwe; lokhu kusiza isithunywa esifinyelela isikhundla sibonakale njengomholi.

I-Caucus Engalinganiselwe

● Bonisa ukubambisana; i-dais ifuna abaholi nabahlanganyeli ngenkuthalo.

● Yazisa ezinye izihambeli ngamagama azo ngesikhathi sekhokhasi engalinganiselwe; lokhu kwenza isikhulumi sibonakale singumuntu futhi singeneka.

● Sabalalisa imisebenzi; lokhu kwenza ukuthi isithunywa sibonakale njengomholi.

● Faka isandla ephepheni lesinqumo (ngokuvamile kungcono ukufaka isandla kumzimba omkhulu kunezigatshana zangaphambi kwembulali ngoba umzimba oyinhloko unezinto eziningi).

● Bhala izixazululo ngobuchule ecabanga ngaphandle kwebhokisi (kodwa hlala ungokoqobo).

● Bhala izixazululo ngobuchule ukufunda empumelelweni nasekuhlulekeni kweZizwe Ezihlangene empilweni yangempela mayelana nesihloko sekomidi.

● Isithunywa kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi noma yimuphi izixazululo abaziphakamisayo zixazulula inkinga futhi azidluleli kakhulu noma azinangqondo.

● Mayelana nephepha lesinqumo, zimisele ukuyekethisa nabahlanganyeli noma amanye ama-blocs; lokhu kukhombisa ukuguquguquka.

● Phusha ukuze uthole iseshini ye-Q&A noma indawo yesethulo ngesethulo sephepha lesinqumo (okungcono i-Q&A) futhi uzilungiselele ukuthatha leyo ndima.

Inhlekelele-Iqondile

● Linganisa igumbi langaphambili negumbi elingemuva (ungagxili kakhulu kokukodwa noma kokunye).

● Lungiselela ukukhuluma kabili kukhokhasi efanayo elinganiselwe (kodwa izithunywa akufanele ziphinde lokho osekushiwo).

● Dala isiyalezo bese uqhamuka nemibono esemqoka ngaso, bese usidlulisa ukuvumela abanye babhale imininingwane. Lokhu kukhombisa ukubambisana nobuholi.

● Bhala iziqondiso eziningi ukubhekana nezibuyekezo zenhlekelele.

● Zama uku abe yisikhulumi sokuqala ngeziqondiso.

● Ukucaca nokucacisa zibalulekile mayelana namanothi enhlekelele.

● Isithunywa kufanele ube nobuciko futhi ube ne-multidimensional nge-crisis arc yabo.

● Uma amanothi enhlekelele yesithunywa engavunyelwa, kufanele zama ama-engeli ahlukene.

● Isithunywa kufanele njalo basebenzise amandla abo (kuvezwe kumhlahlandlela ongemuva).

● Isithunywa akufanele bakhathazeke uma bebulawa; kusho ukuthi othile ubonile ithonya labo futhi ukunaka kukubo (inkundla izonikeza isisulu isikhundla esisha).